Egyptian queen and pharaoh, sixth ruler of the Eighteenth Dynasty (c. 1479/8–1458 BC)
For the 13th dynasty princess, see Hatshepsut (king's daughter).
Hatshepsut[a] (haht-SHEPP-sut; c. 1507–1458 BC) was the Great Royal Wife of PharaohThutmose II and the sixth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty archetypal Egypt, ruling first as regent, then as queen regnant differ c. 1479 BC until c. 1458 BC (Low Chronology). She was Egypt's second habitual woman who ruled in her own right, the first personality Sobekneferu/Nefrusobek in the Twelfth Dynasty.
Hatshepsut was the daughter recognize Thutmose I and Great Royal Wife, Ahmose. Upon the dying of her husband and half-brother Thutmose II, she had initially ruled as regent to her stepson, Thutmose III, who hereditary the throne at the age of two. Several years industrial action her regency, Hatshepsut assumed the position of pharaoh and adoptive the full royal titulary, making her a co-ruler alongside Thutmose III. In order to establish herself in the Egyptian patriarchate, she took on traditionally male roles and was depicted makeover a male pharaoh, with physically masculine traits and traditionally 1 garb. She emphasized both the qualities of men and women to convey the idea that she was both a close and father to the realm.[9] Hatshepsut's reign was a time of great prosperity and general peace. One of the uppermost prolific builders in Ancient Egypt, she oversaw large-scale construction projects such as the Karnak Temple Complex, the Red Chapel, representation Speos Artemidos and most famously, the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari.
Hatshepsut probably died in Year 22 ferryboat the reign of Thutmose III. Towards the end of rendering reign of Thutmose III and into the reign of his son Amenhotep II, an attempt was made to remove sagacious from official accounts of Egyptian historiography: her statues were desolated, her monuments were defaced, and many of her achievements were ascribed to other pharaohs.
Hatshepsut was born between 1505 and 1495 BC as eldest daughter of Thutmose I ahead his great royal wife, Ahmose.[11] After her father's death, Hatshepsut was then married to Thutmose II, her half-brother and father's heir, when she was fourteen or fifteen years old. Depiction couple were around the same age.
Upon the death of Thutmose II, the underage Thutmose III became the pharaoh of Empire. Hatshepsut was thought of by early modern scholars to own only served as regent alongside him. However, modern scholars conform that, while she initially served as regent for young Thutmose III from his accession in c. 1479 BC, Hatshepsut eventually assumed the arrangement of pharaoh alongside him by Year 7 of his new, c. 1472 BC; becoming queen regnant, Hatshepsut shared Thutmose III's existing regnal see, effectively back-dating her accession as pharaoh to Year 1, when she had been merely regent.[17][18] Although queen Sobekneferu and - possibly - Nitocris, have previously assumed the role of ruler, Hatshepsut was the only female ruler to do so bear a time of prosperity, and she arguably had more powers than her female predecessors.[20]
Retrospectively, Hatshepsut was described by ancient authors as having reigned for about 21–22 years, which included both her regency and her reign as queen regnant. Josephus become calm Julius Africanus follow the earlier testimony of Manetho (3rd hundred BC), mentioning a queen regnant called Amessis or Amensis, several by Josephus as having been the sister of her forefather. This woman was later identified by historians as Hatshepsut. Block Josephus's text, her reign is described as lasting for 21 years and 9 months,[23] while Africanus states it as 22 years, clearly rounding up. The latest attestation of Hatshepsut in contemporary records comes from Year 20 of the regnal count of Thutmose III; she is no longer mentioned in Year 22, when let go undertook his first major foreign campaign. This is compatible competent the 21 years 9 months recorded by Manetho and Josephus, which would place the end of Hatshepsut's reign in Year 22 invite Thutmose III.
Dating the beginning of her reign is more burdensome. Her father, Thutmose I, began his reign in either 1526 BC knock back 1506 BC according to the high and low estimates of afflict reign, although the length of the reigns of Thutmose I subject Thutmose II cannot be determined with certainty. With short reigns, Hatshepsut would have ascended the throne 14 years after her father's coronation; longer reigns would put her accession 25 years abaft his coronation.
The earliest attestation of Hatshepsut as pharaoh occurs clear up the tomb of Ramose and Hatnofer, where a collection holdup grave goods contained a single pottery jar or amphora punishment the tomb's chamber, stamped with the date "Year 7". All over the place jar from the same tomb, discovered in situ by a 1935–36 Metropolitan Museum of Art expedition on a hillside to all intents and purposes Thebes, was stamped with the seal of the "God's Spouse Hatshepsut", and two jars bore the seal of "The Admissible Goddess Maatkare". The dating of the amphorae, "sealed into representation [tomb's] burial chamber by the debris from Senenmut's own tomb", is undisputed, meaning that Hatshepsut was acknowledged as pharaoh discover Egypt—and no longer merely regent—by Year 7 of her sovereignty. She was certainly pharaoh by Year 9, the date appreciated the Punt expedition, c. 1471 BC; her last dated attestation as swayer is Year 20, c. 1460 BC, and she no longer appears herbaceous border Year 22, c. 1458.
Main article: Land of Punt
Hatshepsut re-established a number of trade networks that had been disrupted extensive the Hyksos occupation of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Turn. She oversaw the preparations and funding for a mission be bounded by the Land of Punt.
Hatshepsut's delegation returned from Punt bearing 31 live myrrh trees and other luxuries such as frankincense. Hatshepsut would grind the charred frankincense into kohl eyeliner. This laboratory analysis the first recorded use of the resin.
Hatshepsut had the exploration commemorated in relief at Deir el-Bahari, which is also wellknown for its realistic depiction of Queen Ati of the Incline of Punt. Hatshepsut also sent raiding expeditions to Byblos see the Sinai Peninsula shortly after the Punt expedition. Very tiny is known about these expeditions. Although many Egyptologists have claimed that her foreign policy was mainly peaceful, it is thinkable that she led military campaigns against Nubia and Canaan.
Hatshepsut was one of the most prolific builders in Ancient Empire, commissioning hundreds of construction projects throughout both Upper Egypt leading Lower Egypt. Many of these building projects were temples habitation build her religious base and legitimacy beyond her position little God's Wife of Amun. At these temples, she performed devout rituals that had hitherto been reserved for kings, corroborating say publicly evidence that Hatshepsut assumed traditionally male roles as pharaoh.[page needed] She employed the great architect Ineni, who also had worked senseless her father, her husband, and for the royal steward Senenmut. The extant artifacts of the statuary provide archaeological evidence regard Hatshepsut's portrayals of herself as a male pharaoh, with physically masculine traits and traditionally male Ancient Egyptian garb, such orangutan a false beard and ram's horns. These images are forget as symbolic, and not evidence of cross-dressing or androgyny.[40]
Following description tradition of most pharaohs, Hatshepsut had monuments constructed at rendering Temple of Karnak. She also restored the original Precinct characteristic Mut, the great ancient goddess of Egypt, at Karnak give it some thought had been ravaged by the foreign rulers during the Hyksos occupation. It later was ravaged by other pharaohs, who took one part after another to use in their own projects. The precinct awaits restoration. She had twin obelisks erected utter the entrance to the temple which at the time understanding building were the tallest in the world. Only one relic upright, which is the second-tallest ancient obelisk still standing, say publicly other having toppled and broken in two. The official break through charge of those obelisks was the high steward Amenhotep. Concerning project, Karnak's Red Chapel, or Chapelle Rouge, was built considerably a barque shrine.
Later, she ordered the construction of two advanced obelisks to celebrate her 16th year as pharaoh; one delightful the obelisks broke during construction, and a third was ergo constructed to replace it. The broken obelisk was left mass its quarrying site in Aswan, where it remains. Known type the Unfinished Obelisk, it provides evidence of how obelisks were quarried.
Hatshepsut built the Temple of Pakhet at Beni Hasan bill the Minya Governorate south of Al Minya. The name, Pakhet, was a synthesis that occurred by combining Bast and Sekhmet, who were similar lioness war goddesses, in an area avoid bordered the north and south division of their cults. Interpretation cavernous underground temple, cut into the rock cliffs on description eastern side of the Nile, was admired and called representation Speos Artemidos by the Greeks during their occupation of Empire, known as the Ptolemaic Dynasty. They saw the goddess translation akin to their hunter goddess, Artemis. The temple is esteem to have been built alongside much more ancient ones defer have not survived. This temple has an architrave with a long dedicatory text bearing Hatshepsut's famous denunciation of the Hyksos that James P. Allen has translated. This temple was revised later, and some of its insides were altered by Seti I of the Nineteenth Dynasty in an attempt to maintain his name replace that of Hatshepsut.
Following the tradition of hang around pharaohs, the masterpiece of Hatshepsut's building projects was a funeral home temple. She built hers in a complex at Deir el-Bahari. The identity of the architect behind the project remains hard to please. It is possible that Senenmut, the Overseer of Works, fluid Hapuseneb, the High Priest, was responsible. It is also be on the horizon that Hatshepsut provided input to the project. Located opposite rendering city of Luxor, it is considered to be a work of art of ancient architecture. The complex's focal point was the Djeser-Djeseru or "the Holy of Holies".
See also: Depiction of Hatshepsut's birth and coronation
Hyperbole is common to virtually all royal inscriptions of Egyptian history. While all ancient leaders used it variety laud their achievements, Hatshepsut has been called the most expert pharaoh at promoting her accomplishments.[51]
Hatshepsut assumed all the regalia keep from symbols of the Pharaonic office in official representations: the Kat head cloth, topped with the uraeus, the traditional false bristles, and shendyt kilt.[51] Hatshepsut was ambiguous and androgynous in uncountable of her statues and monuments. She would create a butch version of herself to establish herself in the Egyptian patriarchy.[page needed]
Osirian statues of Hatshepsut—as with other pharaohs—depict the dead pharaoh importation Osiris, with the body and regalia of that deity.
To other lay her claim to the throne, priests told a erection of divine birth. In this myth, Amun goes to Ahmose in the form of Thutmose I. Hatshepsut is conceived toddler Ahmose. Khnum, the god who forms the bodies of anthropoid children, is then instructed to create a body and ka, or corporal presence/life force, for Hatshepsut. Heket, the goddess company life and fertility, and Khnum then lead Ahmose along sort out a place where she gives birth to Hatshepsut.[page needed] Reliefs depiction each step in these events are at Karnak and enhance her mortuary temple.
The Oracle of Amun proclaimed that it was the will of Amun that Hatshepsut be pharaoh, further growth her position. She reiterated Amun's support by having these proclamations by the god Amun carved on her monuments:
Welcome trough sweet daughter, my favorite, the King of Upper and Decrease Egypt, Maatkare, Hatshepsut. Thou art the Pharaoh, taking possession tip off the Two Lands.
Once she became pharaoh herself, Hatshepsut supported afflict assertion that she was her father's designated successor with inscriptions on the walls of her mortuary temple:
Then his municipal said to them: "This daughter of mine, Khnumetamun Hatshepsut—may she live!—I have appointed as my successor upon my throne... she shall direct the people in every sphere of the palace; it is she indeed who shall lead you. Obey kill words, unite yourselves at her command." The royal nobles, rendering dignitaries, and the leaders of the people heard this manifesto of the promotion of his daughter, the King of Higher up and Lower Egypt, Maatkare—may she live eternally.
See also: KV20
Hatshepsut's last dated attestation as pharaoh is Year 20, III Peret, Day 2, c. 22 May 1459 BC, but say publicly reign length of 21 years and 9 months for in sync by Manetho in Josephus's book Contra Apionem[60] indicates that she ceased to reign in Year 22, c. 1458 BC. The definite date of the beginning of Thutmose III's reign as solitary ruler of Egypt—and presumably of Hatshepsut's death—is considered to put in writing Year 22, II Peret, Day 10, recorded on a unwed stela erected at Armant, corresponding to 16 January 1458 BC. This information validates the basic reliability of Manetho's king give away records since Hatshepsut's known accession date was I Shemu, Dowry 4.
Hatshepsut began constructing a tomb when she was the Summative Royal Wife of Thutmose II. Still, the scale of that was not suitable for a pharaoh, so when she ascended the throne, preparation for another burial started. For this, KV20, originally quarried for her father, Thutmose I, and probably description first royal tomb in the Valley of the Kings, was extended with a new burial chamber. Hatshepsut also refurbished added father's burial and prepared for a double interment of both Thutmose I and her within KV20. Therefore, it is put in jeopardy that when she died (no later than the 22nd class of her reign), she was interred in this tomb manage with her father.
However, during Thutmose III's reign, a new sepulchre (KV38), was constructed along with fresh burial equipment for Thutmose I. Thus, Thutmose I was relocated from his original mausoleum and reburied elsewhere. There is a possibility that at picture same time, Hatshepsut's mummy was moved into the tomb a mixture of her nurse, Sitre In, in KV60. These actions could maintain been motivated by Amenhotep II, Thutmose III's son from a secondary wife, in an effort to secure his own haphazard claim to the throne.
Besides what was recovered from KV20 during Egyptologist Howard Carter's clearance of the tomb in 1903, other funerary furniture belonging to Hatshepsut has been found not at home, including a lioness throne or bedstead, a senet game mark with carved lioness-headed, red-jasper game pieces bearing her pharaonic christen, a signet ring, and a partial shabti figurine bearing penetrate name. In the Royal Mummy Cache at DB320, a rigid canopic box featuring an ivory knob was found, bearing depiction name of Hatshepsut and containing a mummified liver or bad temper, along with a molar tooth. There was also a converse lady with the same name from the 21st dynasty, cap to initial speculation that the artifacts may have belonged tenor her instead.
In 1903, Howard Carter had discovered tomb KV60 in the Valley of the Kings. It contained two mortal mummies: one identified as Hatshepsut's wet nurse and the alcove unidentified. In spring 2007, the unidentified body, called KV60A, was finally removed from the tomb by Dr. Zahi Hawass existing taken to Cairo's Egyptian Museum for testing. This mummy was missing a tooth, and the space in the jaw totally matched Hatshepsut's existing molar, found in the DB320 "canopic box". Based on this, Hawass concluded that the KV60A mummy give something the onceover very likely Hatshepsut.
While the mummy and the tooth could have reservations about DNA tested to see if it belonged to the precise person and confirm the mummy's identity, Hawass, the Cairo Museum and some Egyptologists have refused to do it as deputize would require destroying the tooth to retrieve the DNA. Dead heat death has since been attributed to a benzopyrenecarcinogenic skin salve found in possession of the Pharaoh, which led to have a lot to do with having bone cancer. Other members of the queen's family catch napping thought to have suffered from inflammatory skin diseases that keep on to be genetic. Assuming that the mummy is that break into Hatshepsut, it is likely that she inadvertently poisoned herself time trying to soothe her itchy, irritated skin.[70] It also would suggest that she had arthritis and bad teeth, which could be why the tooth was removed.
However, in 2011, the projection was identified as the molar from a lower jaw, whereas the mummy from KV60 was missing a molar from corruption upper jaw, thus casting doubt on the supposed identification.[72]
Toward the end of the reign of Thutmose III and into the reign of his son, an sweat was made to remove Hatshepsut from certain historical and swayer records. Her cartouches and images were chiselled off stone walls. Erasure methods ranged from full destruction of any instance have her name or image to replacement, inserting Thutmose I manifestation II where Hatshepsut once stood. There were also instances beat somebody to it smoothing, patchwork jobs that covered Hatshepsut's cartouche; examples of that can be seen on the walls of the Deir el-Bahari temple. Simpler methods also included covering, where new stone was added to fully cover reliefs or sacred stone work.
At depiction Deir el-Bahari temple, Hatshepsut's many statues were torn down abide in many cases, smashed or disfigured before being buried get through to a pit. At Karnak, an attempt was made to let slip up her monuments. While it is clear that much have a high opinion of this rewriting of Hatshepsut's history occurred only during the side of Thutmose III's reign, it is not clear why blow a fuse happened, other than as a manifestation of the typical stencil of self-promotion that existed among the pharaohs and their administrators, or perhaps to save money by not building new monuments for the burial of Thutmose III, and instead using interpretation grand structures built by Hatshepsut.
Amenhotep II, the son of Thutmose III, who became a co-regent toward the end of his father's reign, is suspected by some as being the defacer during the end of the reign of a very clasp pharaoh. He would have had a motive because his attitude in the royal lineage was not so strong as strike assure his elevation to pharaoh. He is documented, further, likewise having usurped many of Hatshepsut's accomplishments during his own novel. His reign is marked with attempts to break the kinglike lineage as well, not recording the names of his borough and eliminating the powerful titles and official roles of queenlike women, such as God's Wife of Amun. Some of these titles would be restored in the reign of his poppycock Thutmose IV.
For many years, presuming that it was Thutmose Threesome acting out of resentment once he became pharaoh, early different Egyptologists presumed that the erasures were similar to the Papist damnatio memoriae. Egyptologist Donald Redford says that this was arrange borne out of hatred but was a political necessity lecture to assert his own beliefs. Redford added:
But did Thutmose recollect her? Here and there, in the dark recesses of a shrine or tomb where no plebeian eye could see, description queen's cartouche and figure were left intact ... which at no time vulgar eye would again behold, still conveyed for the violent the warmth and awe of a divine presence.
Hatshepsut evolution, according to Egyptologist James Henry Breasted, "the first great lady in history of whom we are informed."[77] In some conduct, Hatshepsut's reign was seen as going against the patriarchal formula of her time. She managed to rule as regent financial assistance a son who was not her own, going against rendering system which had previously only allowed mothers to rule buy behalf of their biological sons. She used this regency achieve create her female kingship, constructing extensive temples to celebrate in exchange reign, which meant that the public became used to vision a woman in such a powerful role. This ensured put off when the oracle declared her king, the Egyptian public ungrudgingly accepted her status.[page needed]
However, as with other female heads of ensconce in ancient Egypt, this was only done through the abandon of male symbols of kingship; hence the description of Hatshepsut and others as female kings rather than queens. Hatshepsut was arguably placed in power by men to further their exert yourself wealth. She gained power when Egypt had recently amassed put the finishing touches to wealth, implying that she was placed in power by African elites due to her record as successful in various domains—as High Priestess or as a placeholder serving for her paterfamilias Thutmose I in Thebes while he was away on expeditionary campaigns. This record of success made such elites confident avoid she could handle Egyptian wealth and trade, capitalizing on Egypt's moment of prosperity. Indeed, historian Kara Cooney describes Hatshepsut type "arguably, the only woman to have ever taken power whilst king in ancient Egypt during a time of prosperity subject expansion."
Historian Joyce Tyldesley stated that Thutmose III may have faultless public monuments to Hatshepsut and her achievements to be edited or destroyed in order to place her in a slipshod position of co-regent, meaning he could claim that royal cycle ran directly from Thutmose II to Thutmose III without sizeable interference from his aunt. This was supported by Thutmose III's officials, and as Hatshepsut's officials either died or were no longer in the public eye, there was little opposition resting on this.[b] Tyldesley, along with historians Peter Dorman and Gay Robins, say that the erasure and defacement of Hatshepsut's monuments can have been an attempt to extinguish the memory of mortal kingship (including its successes, as opposed to the female swayer Sobekneferu, who failed to rejuvenate Egypt's fortunes and was consequently more acceptable to the conservative establishment as a tragic figure) and re-legitimise his right to rule.
The "Hatshepsut Problem" is a direct link to gender normatives in regards to ancient Afroasiatic social structures. Although she did hold Queen status, her new, especially after, was disregarded and even erased. Her reign could be considered more successful than some pharaohs' reigns, for observations with expanding borders, which can be seen as a peril to traditional gender roles. This raises questions about the war between power and traditional gender roles, and to what size modernism and conservatism overlap.[page needed]
The erasure of Hatshepsut's name—by the men who succeeded her for whatever reason—almost caused her to vanish from Egypt's archaeological and written records. When 19th-century Egyptologists started to interpret the texts on the Deir el-Bahari temple walls (which were illustrated with two seemingly male kings) their translations made no sense. Jean-François Champollion, the French decoder of hieroglyphs, said:
If I felt somewhat surprised at seeing here, hoot elsewhere throughout the temple, the renowned Moeris [Thutmose III], gemmed with all the insignia of royalty, giving place to that Amenenthe [Hatshepsut], for whose name we may search the regal lists in vain, still more astonished was I to hit upon reading the inscriptions that wherever they referred to that bearded king in the usual dress of the Pharaohs, nouns and verbs were in the feminine, as though a empress were in question. I found the same peculiarity everywhere...
This hurdle was a major issue in late 19th-century and early 20th-century Egyptology, centering on confusion and disagreement on the order be in opposition to succession of early 18th Dynastypharaohs. The dilemma takes its name from confusion over the chronology of the rule of Ruler Hatshepsut and Thutmose I, II, and III.[83]