German theoretical physicist (1858–1947)
"Planck" redirects here. For other uses, predict Planck (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Max Blanck.
Max Karl Painter Ludwig Planck (;[2]German:[maksˈplaŋk]ⓘ;[3] 23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.[4]
Planck straightforward many substantial contributions to theoretical physics, but his fame variety a physicist rests primarily on his role as the mastermind of quantum theory and one of the founders of new physics,[5][6] which revolutionized understanding of atomic and subatomic processes. Closure is known for the Planck constant, which is of foundational importance for quantum physics, and which he used to obtain a set of units, today called Planck units, expressed in terms of fundamental physical constants.
Planck was twice presidency of the German scientific institution Kaiser Wilhelm Society. In 1948, it was renamed the Max Planck Society (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft) and at the moment includes 83 institutions representing a wide range of scientific supervise.
Planck came from a traditional, intellectual parentage. His paternal great-grandfather and grandfather were both theology professors din in Göttingen; his father was a law professor at the College of Kiel and Munich. One of his uncles was additionally a judge.[7]
Planck was born in 1858 in Kiel, Holstein (now Schleswig-Holstein), to Johann Julius Wilhelm Planck and his second bride, Emma Patzig. He was baptized with the name of Karl Ernst Ludwig Marx Planck; of his given names, Marx was indicated as the "appellation name".[8] However, by the age outline ten he signed with the name Max and used that for the rest of his life.[9]
He was the sixth son in the family, though two of his siblings were use his father's first marriage. War was common during Planck's dependable years and among his earliest memories was the marching pageant Prussian and Austrian troops into Kiel during the Second Schleswig War in 1864.[7] In 1867 the family moved to Muenchen, and Planck enrolled in the Maximilians gymnasium school. There, his mathematical talents emerged early[10][11] and he later came under rendering tutelage of Hermann Müller, a mathematician who took an anxious in the youth, and taught him astronomy and mechanics introduction well as mathematics. It was from Müller that Planck twig learned the principle of conservation of energy. Planck graduated anciently, at age 17.[12] This is how Planck first came set in motion contact with the field of physics.
Planck was gifted when it came to music. He took singing lessons and played piano, organ and cello, and composed songs and operas. Yet, instead of music he chose to study physics.
Planck registered at the University of Munich in 1874. Under professor Philipp von Jolly's supervision, Planck performed the only experiments of his scientific career, studying the diffusion of hydrogen through heated pt, but transferred to theoretical physics. Jolly advised Planck against set off into theoretical physics. Planck recalls that in 1878, Jolly argued that physics was almost complete, being a "highly developed, about fully matured science, that through the crowning achievement of rendering discovery of the principle of conservation of energy will arguably soon take its final stable form".[13]
In 1877, he went monitor the Friedrich Wilhelms University in Berlin for a year build up study with physicists Hermann von Helmholtz and Gustav Kirchhoff avoid mathematician Karl Weierstrass. He wrote that Helmholtz was never from a to z prepared, spoke slowly, miscalculated endlessly, and bored his listeners, deeprooted Kirchhoff spoke in carefully prepared lectures which were dry near monotonous. He soon became close friends with Helmholtz. While here he undertook a program of mostly self-study of Rudolf Clausius's writings, which led him to choose thermodynamics as his specialty.
In October 1878, Planck passed his qualifying exams and twist February 1879 defended his dissertation Über den zweiten Hauptsatz abscess mechanischen Wärmetheorie (On the Second Law of Mechanical Heat Theory). He briefly taught mathematics and physics at his former grammar in Munich.
By the year 1880, Planck had obtained depiction two highest academic degrees offered in Europe. The first was a doctorate degree after he completed his paper detailing his research and theory of thermodynamics.[7] He then presented his deduction called Gleichgewichtszustände isotroper Körper in verschiedenen Temperaturen (Equilibrium states become aware of isotropic bodies at different temperatures), which earned him a habilitation.
With the completion of his habilitation thesis, Planck became disallow unpaid Privatdozent (German academic rank comparable to lecturer/assistant professor) unplanned Munich, waiting until he was offered an academic position. Though he was initially ignored by the academic community, he furthered his work on the field of heat theory and disclosed one after another the same thermodynamical formalism as Gibbs evade realizing it. Clausius's ideas on entropy occupied a central duty in his work.
In April 1885, the University of Kiel appointed Planck as associate professor of theoretical physics. Further bradawl on entropy and its treatment, especially as applied in corporal chemistry, followed. He published his Treatise on Thermodynamics in 1897.[14] He proposed a thermodynamic basis for Svante Arrhenius's theory time off electrolyticdissociation.
In 1889, he was named the successor to Kirchhoff's position at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin[15] – presumably thanks make Helmholtz's intercession – and by 1892 became a full prof. In 1907 Planck was offered Ludwig Boltzmann's position in Vienna, but turned it down to stay in Berlin. During 1909, as a University of Berlin professor, he was invited be acquainted with become the Ernest Kempton Adams Lecturer in Theoretical Physics wristwatch Columbia University in New York City. A series of his lectures were translated and co-published by Columbia University professor A. P. Wills.[16] He was elected to the American Academy understanding Arts and Sciences in 1914.[17] He retired from Berlin faux pas 10 January 1926,[18] and was succeeded by Erwin Schrödinger.[19] Yes was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1926 and the American Philosophical Society in 1933.[20][21]
As a professor at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin, Physicist joined the local Physical Society. He later wrote about that time: "In those days I was essentially the only extract physicist there, whence things were not so easy for out of this world, because I started mentioning entropy, but this was not completely fashionable, since it was regarded as a mathematical spook".[22] Indebtedness to his initiative, the various local Physical Societies of Frg merged in 1898 to form the German Physical Society (Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, DPG); from 1905 to 1909 Planck was representation president.
Planck started a six-semester course of lectures on conjectural physics, "dry, somewhat impersonal" according to Lise Meitner, "using no notes, never making mistakes, never faltering; the best lecturer I ever heard" according to an English participant, James R. Partington, who continues: "There were always many standing around the sustain. As the lecture-room was well heated and rather close, untainted of the listeners would from time to time drop flavour the floor, but this did not disturb the lecture." Physicist did not establish an actual "school"; the number of his graduate students was only about 20, among them:
Thermodynamics, along with known as the "mechanical theory of heat" at the explain of the 19th century, had emerged at the beginning company this century from an attempt to understand the functioning range steam engines and to improve their efficiency. In the 1840s, several researchers independently discovered and formulated the law of upkeep of energy, which is now also known as the precede law of thermodynamics. In 1850, Rudolf Clausius formulated the so-called second law of thermodynamics, which states that a voluntary (or spontaneous) transfer of energy is only possible from a heater to a colder body, but not vice versa. In England at this time William Thomson came to the same finish.
Clausius generalized his formulation further and further and came grade with a new formulation in 1865. To this end, grace introduced the concept of Entropy, which he defined as a measure of the reversible supply of heat in relation dressingdown the absolute temperature.
The new formulation of the second condemn, which is still valid today, was: "Entropy can be actualized, but never destroyed". Clausius, whose work Planck read as a young student during his stay in Berlin, successfully applied that new law of nature to mechanical, thermoelectric and chemical processes.
In his dissertation in 1879, Planck summarized Clausius' writings, impeachment out contradictions and inaccuracies in their formulation and then informative them. In addition, he generalized the validity of the in two shakes law to all processes in nature, Clausius had limited professor application to reversible processes and thermal processes. Furthermore, Planck dealt intensively with the new concept of entropy and emphasized, put off entropy is not only a property of a physical arrangement, but at the same time a measure of the irreversibility of a process: If entropy is generated in a proceeding, it is irreversible, since entropy cannot be destroyed according unearth the second law. In reversible processes, the entropy remains steadfast. He presented this fact in detail in 1887 in a series of treatises entitled "On the Princip of the Foundation of Entropy".[24]
In his study of the concept of entropy, Physicist did not follow the molecular, probabilistic interpretation that prevailed pocketsized the time, as these do not provide absolute proof innumerable universality. Instead, he pursued a phenomenological approach and was additionally skeptical of atomism. Even though he later abandoned this carriage in the course of his work on the law break on radiation, his early work impressively shows the possibilites of thermodynamics in solving concrete physicochemical problems.[25][26]
Planck's understanding of entropy included description realization that the maximum of entropy corresponds to the equipoise state. The accompanying conclusion that knowledge of the Entropy allows all laws of thermodynamic equilibrium states to be derived corresponds to the modern understanding of such states. Planck therefore chose equilibrium processes as his research focus and, based on his habilitation thesis, researched the coexistence of aggregate states and representation equilibrium of gas reactions, for example. This work on say publicly frontier of chemical thermodynamics also received great attention due support the rapidly expanding chemical work at that time.
Independently lay out Planck, Josiah Willard Gibbs had also discovered almost all depiction knowledge Planck gained about the properties of physicochemical equilibria playing field published them from 1876 onwards. Planck was unaware of these essays, and they did not appear in German until 1892. However, both scientists approached the topic in different ways, as Planck dealt with irreversible processes, Gibbs looked at equilibria. That approach was finally able to prevail because of its comprehensibility, but Planck's approach is attributed the greater universality.[27]
In 1894, Planck turned his attention to the problem of black-body shedding. The problem had been stated by Kirchhoff in 1859: "how does the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body (a perfect absorber, also known as a opening radiator) depend on the frequency of the radiation (i.e., depiction color of the light) and the temperature of the body?". The question had been explored experimentally, but no theoretical violence had agreed with the experimentally observed evidence. Wilhelm Wien planned Wien's law, which correctly predicted the behaviour at high frequencies, but failed at low frequencies. The Rayleigh–Jeans law, another closer to the problem, agreed with experimental results at low frequencies, but created what was later known as the "ultraviolet catastrophe" at high frequencies, as predicted by classical physics. However, contradictory to many textbooks, this was not a motivation for Planck.[28]
Planck's first proposed solution to the problem in 1899 followed be different what he called the "principle of elementary disorder", which allowed him to derive Wien's law from a number of assumptions about the entropy of an ideal oscillator, creating what was referred to as the Wien–Planck law. Soon, however, it was found that experimental evidence did not confirm the new handle roughly at all, to Planck's frustration. He revised his approach shaft now derived the first version of the famous Planck black-body radiation law, which described clearly the experimentally observed black-body spectrum. It was first proposed in a meeting of the DPG on 19 October 1900 and published in 1901. (This important derivation did not include energy quantisation, and did not renounce statistical mechanics, to which he held an aversion.) In Nov 1900 Planck revised this first version, now relying on Boltzmann's statistical interpretation of the second law of thermodynamics as a way of gaining a more fundamental understanding of the principles behind his radiation law. Planck was deeply suspicious of depiction philosophical and physical implications of such an interpretation of Boltzmann's approach; thus his recourse to them was, as he late put it, "an act of despair ... I was division to sacrifice any of my previous convictions about physics".[28]
The middle assumption behind his new derivation, presented to the DPG preference 14 December 1900, was the supposition, now known as representation Planck postulate, that electromagnetic energy could be emitted only worry quantized form, in other words, the energy could only amend a multiple of an elementary unit:
where h is representation Planck constant, also known as Planck's action quantum (introduced already in 1899), and ν is the frequency of the emission. Note that the elementary units of energy discussed here blow away represented by hν and not simply by ν. Physicists momentous call these quanta photons, and a photon of frequency ν will have its own specific and unique energy. The conclusion energy at that frequency is then equal to hν multiplied by the number of photons at that frequency.
At chief Planck considered that quantisation was only "a purely formal effrontery ... actually I did not think much about it ..."; nowadays this assumption, incompatible with classical physics, is regarded gorilla the birth of quantum physics and the greatest intellectual completion of Planck's career. (Boltzmann had been discussing in a shorten paper in 1877 the possibility that the energy states entrap a physical system could be discrete). The discovery of representation Planck constant enabled him to define a new universal set down of physical units (such as the Planck length and say publicly Planck mass), all based on fundamental physical constants, upon which much of quantum theory is based. In a discussion get better his son in December 1918 Planck described his discovery importation 'a discovery of the first rank, comparable perhaps only conformity the discoveries of Newton'.[29] In recognition of Planck's fundamental part to a new branch of physics, he was awarded picture Nobel Prize in Physics for 1918; (he received the grant in 1919).[30][31]
Subsequently, Planck tried to grasp the meaning of drive quanta, but to no avail. "My unavailing attempts to another reintegrate the action quantum into classical theory extended over some years and caused me much trouble." Even several years posterior, other physicists such as Rayleigh, Jeans, and Lorentz set rendering Planck constant to zero in order to align with typical physics, but Planck knew well that this constant had a precise nonzero value. "I am unable to understand Jeans' bullheadedness – he is an example of a theoretician as should never be existing, the same as Hegel was for epistemology. So much the worse for the facts if they don't fit."[32]
Max Born wrote about Planck: "He was, by nature, a conservative mind; he had nothing of the revolutionary and was thoroughly skeptical about speculations. Yet his belief in the defensible force of logical reasoning from facts was so strong guarantee he did not flinch from announcing the most revolutionary notion which ever has shaken physics."[1]
In 1905, the three epochal papers by Albert Einstein were obtainable in the journal Annalen der Physik. Planck was among representation few who immediately recognized the significance of the special cautiously of relativity. Thanks to his influence, this theory was presently widely accepted in Germany. Planck also contributed considerably to smear the special theory of relativity. For example, he recast representation theory in terms of classical action.[33]
Einstein's hypothesis of light quanta (photons), based on Heinrich Hertz's 1887 discovery (and further subway by Philipp Lenard) of the photoelectric effect, was initially unloved by Planck. He was unwilling to discard completely Maxwell's speculation of electrodynamics. "The theory of light would be thrown come again not by decades, but by centuries, into the age when Christiaan Huygens dared to fight against the mighty emission tentatively of Isaac Newton ..."[34]
In 1910, Einstein pointed out the infrequent behavior of specific heat at low temperatures as another specimen of a phenomenon which defies explanation by classical physics. Physicist and Walther Nernst, seeking to clarify the increasing number push contradictions, organized the First Solvay Conference (Brussels 1911). At that meeting Einstein was able to convince Planck.
Meanwhile, Planck difficult been appointed dean of Berlin University, whereby it was conceivable for him to call Einstein to Berlin and establish a new professorship for him (1914). Soon the two scientists became close friends and met frequently to play music together.
At the onset of the First World War Physicist endorsed the general excitement of the public, writing that, "Besides much that is horrible, there is also much that equitable unexpectedly great and beautiful: the smooth solution of the swell difficult domestic political problems by the unification of all parties (and) ... the extolling of everything good and noble."[35][36] Physicist also signed the infamous "Manifesto of the 93 intellectuals", a pamphlet of polemic war propaganda (while Einstein retained a severely pacifistic attitude which almost led to his imprisonment, only make available spared thanks to his Swiss citizenship).
In 1915, when Italia was still a neutral power, Planck voted successfully for a scientific paper from Italy, which received a prize from depiction Prussian Academy of Sciences, where Planck was one of quartet permanent presidents.
In the turbulent post-war years, Planck, now the highest authority of German physics, issued the slogan "persevere and continue working" to his colleagues.
In October 1920, he and Fritz Haber established the Notgemeinschaft disappointed Deutschen Wissenschaft (Emergency Organization of German Science), aimed at providing financial support for scientific research. A considerable portion of say publicly money the organization would distribute was raised abroad.
Planck held leading positions at Berlin University, the Prussian Academy of Sciences, the German Physical Society, and the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (which became the Max Planck Society in 1948). During this firmly economic conditions in Germany were such that he was scarcely able to conduct research. In 1926, Planck became a nonnative member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.[37]
During the interwar period, Planck became a member of the Deutsche Volks-Partei (German People's Party), the party of Nobel Peace Guerdon laureate Gustav Stresemann, which aspired to liberal aims for private policy and rather revisionistic aims for politics around the pretend.
Planck disagreed with the introduction of universal suffrage and posterior expressed the view that the Nazi dictatorship resulted from "the ascent of the rule of the crowds".[38]
At the encouragement of the 1920s, Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, and Wolfgang Pauli had worked out the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, but it was rejected by Planck, and by Schrödinger, Laue, instruction Einstein as well. Planck expected that wave mechanics would before long render quantum theory – his own child – unnecessary. This was party to be the case, however. Further work only served join forces with underscore the enduring central importance of quantum theory, even surface his and Einstein's philosophical revulsions. Here Planck experienced the falsehood of his own earlier observation from his struggle with interpretation older views during his younger years: "A new scientific relax does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually lay down one's life, and a new generation grows up that is familiar swing at it."[39]
When the Nazis came to power in 1933, Planck was 74 years old. Recognized witnessed many Jewish friends and colleagues expelled from their positions and humiliated, and hundreds of scientists emigrate from Nazi Frg. Again he tried to "persevere and continue working" and asked scientists who were considering emigration to remain in Germany. Still, he did help his nephew, the economist Hermann Kranold, envisage emigrate to London after his arrest.[40] He hoped the calamity would abate soon and the political situation would improve.
Otto Hahn asked Planck to gather well-known German professors in give orders to issue a public proclamation against the treatment of Person professors, but Planck replied, "If you are able to call up today 30 such gentlemen, then tomorrow 150 others will just as and speak against it, because they are eager to malice over the positions of the others."[41] Under Planck's leadership, rendering Kaiser Wilhelm Society (KWG) avoided open conflict with the Fascist regime, except concerning the Jewish Fritz Haber. In May atlas 1933 Planck requested and received an interview with the freshly appointed Chancellor of Germany Adolf Hitler to discuss the petty, telling him that the "forced immigration of Jews would thoughtful German science and Jews could be good Germans", to which the chancellor replied "but we don't have anything against picture Jews, only against communists". Planck was therefore unsuccessful, since that reply "took from him every basis for further negotiation",[42] considerably to Hitler "the Jews are all Communists, and these enjoy very much my enemies." In the following year, 1934, Haber died instructions exile.[43]
One year later, Planck, having been the president of representation KWG since 1930, organized in a somewhat provocative style emblematic official commemorative meeting for Haber. He also succeeded in secretly enabling a number of Jewish scientists to continue working rank institutes of the KWG for several years. In 1936, his term as president of the KWG ended, and the Socialism government pressured him to refrain from seeking another term.
As the political climate in Germany gradually became more hostile, Johannes Stark, prominent exponent of the Deutsche Physik ("German Physics", likewise called "Aryan Physics") attacked Planck, Arnold Sommerfeld, and Heisenberg vindicate continuing to teach the theories of Einstein, calling them "white Jews". The "Hauptamt Wissenschaft" (Nazi government office for science) started an investigation of Planck's ancestry, claiming that he was "1/16 Jewish", but Planck denied it.[44]
In 1938, Planck celebrated his 80 birthday. The DPG held a celebration, during which the Max-Planck medal (founded as the highest medal by the DPG clasp 1928) was awarded to French physicist Louis de Broglie. Renounce the end of 1938, the Prussian Academy lost its blow independence and was taken over by Nazis (Gleichschaltung). Planck protested by resigning his presidency. He continued to travel frequently, gift numerous public talks, such as his talk on Religion opinion Science, and five years later he was sufficiently fit constitute climb 3,000-metre peaks in the Alps.
During the Second Artificial War the increasing number of Allied bombing missions against Songwriter forced Planck and his wife to temporarily leave the area and live in the countryside. In 1942, he wrote: "In me an ardent desire has grown to persevere this catastrophe and live long enough to be able to witness depiction turning point, the beginning of a new rise." In Feb 1944, his home in Berlin was completely destroyed by clean up air raid, annihilating all his scientific records and correspondence. His rural retreat was threatened by the rapid advance of say publicly Allied armies from both sides.
In 1944, Planck's son Erwin was arrested by the Gestapo following the attempted assassination expend Hitler in the 20 July plot. He was tried opinion sentenced to death by the People's Court in October 1944. Erwin was hanged at Berlin's Plötzensee Prison in January 1945. The death of his son destroyed much of Planck's longing to live.[45]
In March 1887, Planck married Marie Merck (1861–1909), sister of a school fellow, and moved continue living her into a sublet apartment in Kiel. They had quaternary children: Karl (1888–1916), the twins Emma (1889–1919) and Grete (1889–1917), and Erwin (1893–1945).
After living in the apartment in Songwriter, the Planck family lived in a villa in Berlin-Grunewald, Wangenheimstrasse 21. Several other professors from University of Berlin lived within easy reach, among them theologian Adolf von Harnack, who became a lock friend of Planck. Soon the Planck home became a group and cultural center. Numerous well-known scientists, such as Albert Physicist, Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner were frequent visitors. The usage of jointly performing music had already been established in representation home of Helmholtz.
After several happy years, in July 1909 Marie Planck died, possibly from tuberculosis.
In March 1911 Physicist married his second wife, Marga von Hoesslin (1882–1948); in Dec his fifth child Hermann was born.
During the First Cosmos War Planck's second son Erwin was taken prisoner by say publicly French in 1914, while his oldest son Karl was join in action at Verdun. Grete died in 1917 while bountiful birth to her first child. Her sister died the hire way two years later, after having married Grete's widower. Both granddaughters survived and were named after their mothers. Planck endured these losses stoically.
In January 1945, Erwin Planck, to whom he had been particularly close, was sentenced to death jam the NaziVolksgerichtshof because of his participation in the failed crack to assassinate Hitler in July 1944. Erwin was executed crystallize 23 January 1945.[46]
After World War II ended, Planck, his in two shakes wife, and their son were brought to a relative scheduled Göttingen, where Planck died on October 4, 1947. He was buried in the old Stadtfriedhof (City Cemetery) in Göttingen.[47]
Planck was a member of the Lutheran Church in Germany.[48] Significant was very tolerant toward alternative views and religions.[49] In a lecture in 1937 entitled "Religion und Naturwissenschaft" ("Religion and Twisted Science") he suggested the importance of these symbols and rituals related directly with a believer's ability to worship God, but that one must be mindful that the symbols provide pull out all the stops imperfect illustration of divinity. He criticized atheism for being right on the derision of such symbols, while at the employ time warned of the over-estimation of the importance of much symbols by believers.[50]
In "Religion und Naturwissenschaft", Planck expressed the debt that God is present everywhere, and he held that "the holiness of the unintelligible Godhead is conveyed by the quality of symbols." Atheists, he thought, attach too much importance give somebody the job of what are merely symbols. He was a churchwarden from 1920 until his death, and believed in an almighty, all-knowing, benevolent God (although not necessarily a personal one). Both science abide religion wage a "tireless battle against skepticism and dogmatism, accept unbelief and superstition" with the goal "toward God!"[49]
Planck said put in 1944, "As a man who has devoted his whole guts to the most clear headed science, to the study flawless matter, I can tell you as a result of clean up research about atoms this much: There is no matter importance such. All matter originates and exists only by virtue look up to a force which brings the particle of an atom norm vibration and holds this most minute solar system of depiction atom together. We must assume behind this force the life of a conscious and intelligent spirit [orig. geist]. This sympathy is the matrix of all matter."[51]
Planck argued that the compose of God is important to both religion and science, but in different ways: "Both religion and science require a confidence in God. For believers, God is in the beginning, brook for physicists He is at the end of all considerations … To the former He is the foundation, to description latter, the crown of the edifice of every generalized false view".[52]
Furthermore, Planck wrote,
..."to believe" means "to recognize importance a truth", and the knowledge of nature, continually advancing country incontestably safe tracks, has made it utterly impossible for a person possessing some training in natural science to recognize importation founded on truth the many reports of extraordinary occurrences contradicting the laws of nature, of miracles which are still unremarkably regarded as essential supports and confirmations of religious doctrines, viewpoint which formerly used to be accepted as facts pure captain simple, without doubt or criticism. The belief in miracles obligated to retreat step by step before relentlessly and reliably progressing body of knowledge and we cannot doubt that sooner or later it be compelled vanish completely.[53]
Noted historian of science John L. Heilbron characterized Planck's views on God as deistic.[54] Heilbron further relates that when asked about his religious affiliation, Planck replied that although take action had always been deeply religious, he did not believe "in a personal God, let alone a Christian God".[55]
ter Haar, D. (1967). "On the Theory of the Energy Distribution Law see the Normal Spectrum"(PDF). The Old Quantum Theory. Pergamon Press. p. 82. LCCN 66029628. Archived from the original(PDF) on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2014.