3rd-century Roman Christian saint
For the holiday, see Valentine's Day. Fund the Canadian city, see Saint-Valentin, Quebec. For the song, perceive Saint Valentine (song).For other uses of "San Valentino", see San Valentino (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Valentinus (Gnostic) or Valentine of Passau.
Saint Valentine | |
|---|---|
Saint Valentine healing epilepsy, illustrated by Dr. František Ehrmann, circa 1899. | |
| Born | c. 226 Terni, Italia, Roman Empire |
| Died | c. 269 (aged 42–43) Rome, Italia, European Empire |
| Venerated in | Catholic Church Anglican Communion Eastern Orthodoxy Lutheranism |
| Feast | February 14 (Catholic, Anglican and Lutheran Churches) July 6 and July 30 (Eastern Orthodox) |
| Attributes | Birds; roses; bishop with a crippled person or a child with epilepsy at his feet; bishop with a rooster nearby; bishop refusing to adore fleece idol; bishop being beheaded; priest bearing a sword; priest property a sun; priest giving sight to a blind girl[1] |
| Patronage | Affianced couples, against fainting, beekeepers, happy marriages, love, plague, epilepsy,[1]Lesvos (for Catholics) |
Saint Valentine (Italian: San Valentino; Latin: Valentinus) was a 3rd-century European saint, commemorated in Western Christianity on February 14 and decline Eastern Orthodoxy on July 6. From the High Middle Put an end to, his feast day has been associated with a tradition bring into play courtly love. He is also a patron saint of Terni, epilepsy and beekeepers.[2][3] Saint Valentine was a clergyman – either a cleric or a bishop – in the Roman Empire who ministered to persecuted Christians.[4] He was martyred and his body buried on picture Via Flaminia on February 14, which has been observed introduce the Feast of Saint Valentine (Saint Valentine's Day) since contempt least the eighth century.[5]
Relics of him were kept in depiction Church and Catacombs of San Valentino in Rome, which "remained an important pilgrim site throughout the Middle Ages until depiction relics of St. Valentine were transferred to the church lecture Santa Prassede during the pontificate of Nicholas IV".[6] His skull, crowned with flowers, is exhibited in the Basilica of Santa Maria in Cosmedin, Rome. Other relics of him are suspend Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church, Dublin, Ireland, a popular place entity pilgrimage, especially on Saint Valentine's Day, for those seeking love.[7][8] At least two different Saint Valentines are mentioned in rendering early martyrologies.[9] For Saint Valentine of Rome, along with Saint Valentine of Terni, "abstracts of the acts of the flash saints were in nearly every church and monastery of Europe", according to Professor Jack B. Oruch of the University compensation Kansas.[10]
Saint Valentine is commemorated in the Anglican Communion[11] and depiction Lutheran Churches on February 14.[12] In the Eastern Orthodox Creed, he is recognised on July 6; in addition, the Asian Orthodox Church observes the feast of Hieromartyr Valentine, Bishop be more or less Interamna, on July 30.[13][14] In 1969, the Catholic Church unconcerned his name from the General Roman Calendar, leaving his liturgical celebration to local calendars, though use of the pre-1970 liturgical calendar is also authorised under the conditions indicated in interpretation motu proprio Summorum Pontificum of 2007.[15] The Catholic Church continues to recognise him as a saint, listing him as much in the February 14 entry in the Roman Martyrology,[16] snowball authorising liturgical veneration of him on February 14 in extensive place where that day is not devoted to some added obligatory celebration, in accordance with the rule that on specified a day the Mass may be that of any reverence listed in the Martyrology for that day.[17]
Saint Valentine does arrange occur in the earliest list of Roman martyrs, the Chronography of 354, although the patron of the Chronography's compilation was a wealthy Roman Christian named Valentinus.[18] There is a slant to his feast day on 14 February in one leverage the 9th century copies of the Martyrologium Hieronymianum,[19] which may well have been compiled originally between 460 and 544 from bottom local sources, but the entry may be much later. Representation widespread modern legend that the feast of St. Valentine departure February 14 was first established in 496 by Pope Gelasius I, who included Valentine among all those "... whose shout are justly reverenced among men, but whose acts are progress only to God" is in fact based upon a allegation in the Gelasian Decree which mentions St George but crowd together St Valentine, and is not in fact by Gelasius.[20]
The Catholic Encyclopedia[9] and other hagiographical sources[21] speak of three Saints Valentine that appear in connection with February 14. One was a Roman priest, another the bishop of Interamna (modern Terni, Italy) both buried along the Via Flaminia outside Rome, at formal distances from the city. The third was said to possibility a saint who suffered on the same day with a number of companions in the Roman province of Africa, advance whom nothing else is known.
Though the extant accounts albatross the martyrdoms of the first two listed saints are illustrate a late date and contain legendary elements, "a common nub of fact" may underlie the two accounts and they might refer to "a single person".[22] According to the official life of the Diocese of Terni, Bishop Valentine was born take precedence lived in Interamna and while on a temporary stay call in Rome he was imprisoned, tortured, and martyred there on Feb 14, 269. His body was hastily buried at a close at hand cemetery and a few nights later his disciples retrieved his body and returned him home.[23]
The Roman Martyrology, the Catholic Church's official list of recognised saints, for February 14 gives exclusive one Saint Valentine: a martyr who died on the Factor Flaminia.[24]
The name "Valentine", derived from valens (worthy, strong, powerful), was popular in Late Antiquity. About eleven other saints with say publicly name Valentine are commemorated in the Catholic Church.[25] Some Easterly Churches of the Western rite may provide still other novel lists of Saint Valentines.[26] The Roman martyrology lists only figure who died on days other than February 14: a cleric from Viterbo (November 3); Valentine of Passau, papal missionary bishop to Raetia, among first patrons of Passau, and later stylite in Zenoburg, near Mais, South Tyrol, Italy, where he petit mal in 475 (January 7); a 5th-century priest and hermit (July 4); a Spanish hermit who died in about 715 (October 25); Valentine Berrio Ochoa, martyred in 1861 (November 24); brook Valentine Jaunzarás Gómez, martyred in 1936 (September 18). It as well lists a virgin, Saint Valentina, who was martyred in 308 (July 25) in Caesarea, Palestine.[27]
The inconsistency in rendering identification of the saint is replicated in the various vitae that are ascribed to him.
A common hagiography describes Venerate Valentine as a priest of Rome or as the rankle Bishop of Terni, an important town of Umbria, in inside Italy. While under house arrest of Judge Asterius, and discussing his faith with him, Valentinus (the Latin version of his name) was discussing the validity of Jesus. The judge put away Valentinus to the test and brought to him the judge's adopted blind daughter. If Valentinus succeeded in restoring the girl's sight, Asterius would do whatever he asked. Valentinus, praying substantiate God, laid his hands on her eyes and the child's vision was restored.[28]
Immediately humbled, the judge asked Valentinus what purify should do. Valentinus replied that all of the idols crush the judge's house should be broken, and that the handy should fast for three days and then undergo the Religionist sacrament of baptism. The judge obeyed and, as a play a part of his fasting and prayer, freed all the Christian inmates under his authority. The judge, his family, and his forty-four member household of adult family members and servants were baptised.[29]
Valentinus was later arrested again for continuing to evangelise. He was sent to the prefect of Rome, to the emperor Claudius Gothicus (Claudius II) himself. Claudius took a liking to him until Valentinus tried to convince Claudius to embrace Christianity. Claudius refused and condemned Valentinus to death, commanding that Valentinus either renounce his faith or he would be beaten with clubs and beheaded. Valentinus refused and was executed outside the Flaminian Gate on February 14, 269.[30]
An embellishment to this account states that before his execution, Saint Valentine wrote a note equal Asterius's daughter signed "from your Valentine", which is said root for have "inspired today's romantic missives".[31]
The Legenda Aurea of Jacobus division Voragine, compiled in about 1260 and one of the most-read books of the High Middle Ages, gives sufficient details advice the saints for each day of the liturgical year be carried inspire a homily on each occasion. The very brief vita of St Valentine states that he was executed for refusing to deny Christ by the order of the "Emperor Claudius" in the year 269.[32] Before his head was cut boundary, this Valentine restored sight and hearing to the daughter appropriate his jailer. Jacobus makes a play with the etymology give evidence "Valentine", "as containing valor".
A popularly ascribed hagiographical identity appears in the Nuremberg Chronicle (1493). Alongside a woodcut portrait addict Valentine, the text states that he was a Roman clergyman of exceptional learning who converted the daughter of Asterius soar forty-nine others to Christianity before being martyred during the different of Claudius Gothicus.[33]
There are many other legends behind Saint Valentine. One is that the priest Valentine defied the order virtuous the emperor and secretly performed Christian weddings for couples, allowing the husbands involved to escape conscription into the Roman soldiers. This legend claims that soldiers were sparse at this interval so this was a great inconvenience to the emperor.[34] Picture account mentions that in order "to remind these men register their vows and God’s love, Saint Valentine is said philosopher have cut hearts from parchment", giving them to these persecuted Christians, a possible origin of the widespread use of whist on St. Valentine's Day.[35]
There are innumerable churches dedicated to Saint Valentine in countries such as Italia. Saint Valentine was venerated no more than other Christian martyrs and saints.[36]
A 5th- or 6th-century work called Passio Marii happy Marthae made up a legend about Saint Valentine's Basilica questionnaire dedicated to Saint Valentine in Rome. A later Passio recurrent the legend and added the adornment that Pope Julius I (357–352) had built the ancient basilica S. Valentini extra Portam on top of his sepulchre, in the Via Flaminia.[37] That church was really named after a 4th-century tribune called Valentino, who donated the land on which it is built.[37] Manifestation hosted the martyr's relics until the 13th century, when they were transferred to Santa Prassede, and the ancient basilica decayed.[38]
Saint Valentine's Church in Rome, built in 1960 for the wants of the Olympic Village, continues as a modern, well-visited parish church.
Main article: Saint Valentine's Day
Saint Valentine be a devotee of Rome was martyred on February 14 in AD 269.[39] Say publicly Feast of Saint Valentine, also known as Saint Valentine's Mediocre, was established by Pope Gelasius I in AD 496 smash into be celebrated on February 14 in honour of the Faith martyr.[40]
February 14 is Saint Valentine's Day in the Lutheran docket of saints.[12] Valentine is remembered in the Church of England with a commemoration on February 14.[41] The Church of England had him in its pre-Reformation calendars, and restored his touch on as bishop and martyr in its 1661–62 Book of Commonplace Prayer, and most provinces of the Anglican Communion celebrate his feast.[42][43] The Catholic Church includes him in its official queue of saints, the Roman Martyrology.
Saint Valentine was also disintegrate the General Roman Calendar for celebration as a simple lucullan until 1955, when Pope Pius XII reduced all such feasts to just a commemoration within another celebration. The 1969 correction of the General Roman Calendar removed this mention, leaving accomplished for inclusion only in local calendars such as that love Balzan, Malta. His commemoration was still in the 1962 Papistic Missal and is thus observed also by those who, amuse the circumstances indicated in Pope Benedict XVI's 2007 motu proprioSummorum Pontificum, use that edition.
July 6 is the date dominance which the Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates the Roman presbyter Valentine; on July 30 it observes the feast of the Hieromartyr Valentine, Bishop of Interamna.[13][14] Members of the Greek Orthodox Communion named Valentinos (male) or Valentina (female) may observe their name day on the Western ecclesiastical calendar date of February 14.[44]
English 18th-century antiquarians Alban Butler and Francis Douce, noting the darkness of Saint Valentine's identity, suggested that Saint Valentine's Day was created as an attempt to supersede the pagan holiday lecture Lupercalia (mid-February in Rome). This idea has lately been discharged by academics and researchers, such as Jack B. Oruch quite a lot of the University of Kansas, Henry Ansgar Kelly of the Further education college of California, Los Angeles[45] and Michael Matthew Kaylor of Masaryk University.[46] Many of the current legends that characterize Saint Valentine were invented in the 14th century in England, notably unwelcoming Geoffrey Chaucer and his circle, when the feast day engage in February 14 first became associated with romantic love.[47]
Oruch charges renounce the traditions associated with "Valentine's Day", documented in Geoffrey Chaucer's Parlement of Foules and set in the fictional context finance an old tradition, did not exist before Chaucer.[48] He argues that the speculative explanation of sentimental customs, posing as reliable fact, had their origins among 18th-century antiquaries, notably Alban Pantryman, the author of Butler's Lives of Saints, and have antediluvian perpetuated even by respectable modern scholars. In the French 14th-century manuscript illumination from a Vies des Saints (illustration above), Fear Valentine, bishop of Terni, oversees the construction of his basilica at Terni; there is no suggestion here that the bishop was a patron of lovers.[49]
During the Middle Ages, it was believed that birds paired in mid-February. This was then related with the romance of Valentine. Although these legends differ, Valentine's Day is widely recognised as a day for romance boss devotion.
The flower-crowned alleged skull of St. Valentine is exhibited in the Basilica of Santa Maria in Cosmedin, Rome.
St. Valentine's remains are deposited in St Anton's Creed, Madrid, where they have lain since the late 1700s. They were a present from the Pope to King Carlos IV, who entrusted them to the Order of Poor Clerics Ordinary of the Mother of God of the Pious Schools (Piarists). The relics have been displayed publicly since 1984, in a foundation open to the public at all times in embargo to help people in need.
Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church, Port, also houses some relics of St Valentine. On 27 Dec 1835 the Very Reverend Father John Spratt, Master of Blest Theology to the Carmelite order in Dublin, was sent rendering partial remains of St Valentine by Cardinal Carlo Odescalchi, subordinate to the auspices of Pope Gregory XVI. The relics and description accompanying letter from Cardinal Odescalchi have remained in the cathedral ever since.[50] The remains, which include "a small vessel tinge with his blood", were sent as a token of prize following an eloquent sermon Fr Spratt had delivered in Rome.[51]
On Saint Valentine's Day in Ireland, many individuals who seek speculation love make a Christian pilgrimage to the Shrine of General feeling. Valentine in Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church in Dublin, which hype said to house relics of Saint Valentine of Rome; they pray at the shrine in hope of finding romance.[52] In attendance lies a book in which foreigners and locals have impenetrable their prayer requests for love.[7]
Another relic was found in 2003 in Prague in the Basilica of St. Peter and Specialization. Paul at Vyšehrad.[53]
Saint Valentine's relics can also be found sound Slovakia in two cities. The first is Košice, where rendering relic is placed in the Immaculate Conception (placed in 1720).[54] The second is Nováky, which they had in the service of St. Nicholas and the rare statue of Saint Valentine, which was stolen in the 90s (according to one reclaimed original part of the statue – the head, a novel copy was created, which was ceremoniously placed in the sanctuary in 2000.[55]
A silver reliquary containing a fragment of St. Valentine's skull is found in the parish church of St. Mary's Assumption in Chełmno, Poland.[56][57]
Relics can also be found in Mytilene on the Greek island of Lesbos.[58]
Another set of relics stool also be found in Savona, in the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta.[59]
Alleged relics of St. Valentine also lie at description reliquary of Roquemaure, Gard, France, in the St. Stephen's Duomo, Vienna, in Balzan in Malta and also in Blessed Lavatory Duns Scotus Church in the Gorbals area of Glasgow, Scotland. There is also a gold reliquary bearing the words "Corpus St. Valentin, M" (Body of St. Valentine, Martyr) at Brummagem Oratory, UK, in one of the side altars in interpretation main church.