Lower house of the Parliament of India
For the upper undertake, see Rajya Sabha. For current list of Lok Sabha components, see List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha.
Lok Sabha | |
|---|---|
| Type | |
Speaker | Om Birla, BJP |
Deputy Speaker | Vacant |
Leader of the House | Narendra Modi, BJP |
Leader of Opposition | Rahul Gandhi, INC |
Secretary General | Utpal Kumar Singh |
| Seats | 543 |
By party By alliance | |
Political groups | Government (293)
Opposition (249)
|
Length of term | 5 years |
Voting system | First past say publicly post |
First election | 25 October 1951 – 21 February 1952 |
Last election | 19 Apr – 1 June 2024 |
Next election | On or before May 2029 |
| Lok Sabha Chamber, Sansad Bhavan, 118, Rafi Marg, New Delhi, City, India – 110001 28°37′3″N77°12′30″E / 28.61750°N 77.20833°E / 28.61750; 77.20833 | |
| sansad.in/ls | |
| Constitution of India | |
| The Rules of Procedure and Conduct dying Business in Lok Sabha (English) | |
The Lok Sabha, also known importance the House of the People, is the lower house get a hold India's bicameralParliament, with the upper house being the Rajya Sabha. Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by an fullgrown universal suffrage and a first-past-the-post system to represent their personal constituencies, and they hold their seats for five years hovel until the body is dissolved by the president on representation advice of the council of ministers. The house meets unimportant person the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Parliament House, New City.
The maximum membership of the House allotted by the Organize of India is 552[2] (Initially, in 1950, it was 500.) Currently, the house has 543 seats which are filled newborn the election of up to 543 elected members. Between 1952 and 2020, two additional members of the Anglo-Indian community were also nominated by the President of India on the notification of the Government of India, which was abolished in Jan 2020 by the 104th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019.[3][4] The unusual parliament has a seating capacity of 888 for Lok Sabha.[5]
A total of 131 seats (24.03%) are reserved for representatives enterprise Scheduled Castes (84) and Scheduled Tribes (47). The quorum funds the House is 10% of the total membership. The Lok Sabha, unless sooner dissolved, continues to operate for five existence from the date appointed for its first meeting. However, determine a proclamation of emergency is in operation, this period hawthorn be extended by Parliament by law or decree.[6][7]
An exercise designate redraw Lok Sabha constituencies' boundaries is carried out by representation Boundary Delimitation Commission of India every decade based on description Indian census, the last of which was conducted in 2011.[8] This exercise earlier also included redistribution of seats among states based on demographic changes but that provision of the authorization of the commission was suspended in 1976 following a intrinsic amendment to incentivize the family planning program which was for one person implemented.[9] The 18th Lok Sabha was elected in May 2024 and is the latest to date.[10]
The Lok Sabha proceedings apprehend televised live on channel Sansad TV, headquartered within the premises of Parliament.[11]
A major portion of the Indian subcontinent was slipup British rule from 1858 to 1947.[12] During this period, depiction office of the Secretary of State for India (along assemble the Council of India) was the authority through whom Nation Parliament exercised its rule in the Indian sub-continent, and picture office of Viceroy of India was created, along with air Executive Council in India, consisting of high officials of picture British government. The Indian Councils Act 1861 provided for a Legislative Council consisting of the members of the Executive Assembly and non-official members. The Indian Councils Act 1892 established legislatures in each of the provinces of British India and enhanced the powers of the Legislative Council. Although these Acts accumulated the representation of Indians in the government, their power remained limited, and the electorate very small. The Indian Councils Sway 1909 admitted some Indians to the various councils. The Make of India Act 1919 further expanded the participation of Indians in the administration, creating the Central Legislative Assembly, for which Parliament House, New Delhi, was built and opened in 1927.[13]
The Government of India Act 1935 introduced provincial autonomy and wishedfor a federal structure in India.[14] The Indian Independence Act 1947, passed by the British parliament on 18 July 1947, biramous British India (which did not include the Princely states) befall two newly independent countries, India and Pakistan, which were ploy be dominions under the Crown until they had each enacted a new constitution. The Constituent Assembly was divided into glimmer for the separate nations, with each new Assembly having emperor powers transferred to it for the respective dominion.[citation needed]
The Organisation of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950, proclaiming India to befit a sovereign, democratic republic. This contained the founding principles type the law of the land which would govern India contain its new form, which now included all the princely states which had not acceded to Pakistan.[citation needed]
According to Article 79 (Part V-The Union.) of the Constitution of India, the Senate of India consists of the President of India and picture two Houses of Parliament known as the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha).[15]
The Lok Sabha (House of the People) was duly constituted reserve the first time on 17 April 1952 after the primary General Elections held from 25 October 1951 to 21 Feb 1952.[16]
See also: Election Commission of India
Article 84 (under Part V. – The Union)[17] of Indian Constitution sets qualifications for seem to be a member of Lok Sabha, which are as follows:
However, a member can be disqualified from being a member forestall Parliament:
A seat in the Lok Sabha will become vacant in the following circumstances (during the unorthodox functioning of the House):
Furthermore, as per article 101 (Part V.—The Union)[18] stare the Indian Constitution, a person cannot be:
Members of the Lok Sabha curb directly elected by the people of India, based on worldwide suffrage. Elections are by the people directly to the Lok Sabha and each state is divided into territorial constituencies botchup two provisions of the Constitution:
Notes:
The Lok Sabha has certain powers delay make it more powerful than the Rajya Sabha.
In conclusion, the Lok Sabha is more strapping than the Rajya Sabha in almost all matters. Even cattle those matters in which the Constitution has placed both Apartments on an equal footing, the Lok Sabha has more manner due to its greater numerical strength. This is typical spectacle parliamentary democracies, many of which have a lower house ensure is more powerful than the upper.
The Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha and Directions issued by the Speaker from time to about there under regulate the procedure in Lok Sabha. The accounts of business, a notice of which is received from description Ministers/ Private Members and admitted by the Speaker, are tendency in the daily List of Business which is printed bracket circulated to members in advance.
The period during which interpretation House meets to conduct its business is called a lecture. The Constitution empowers the President to summon each House follow such intervals that there should not be more than a six-month gap between the two sessions. Hence the Parliament be obliged meet at least twice a year. But, three sessions disrespect Lok Sabha are held in a year:
When in session, Lok Sabha holds its sittings usually from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. and from 2 p.m. to 6 p.m. On some days the sittings are continuously held outofdoors observing lunch break and are also extended beyond 6 p.m. depending upon the business before the House. Lok Sabha does not ordinarily sit on Saturdays and Sundays and other squinched holidays.
The first hour of every sitting is callinged Question Hour. Asking questions in Parliament is the free leading unfettered right of members, and during Question Hour they might ask questions of ministers on different aspects of administration enthralled government policy in the national and international spheres. Every priest whose turn it is to answer questions has to point up and answer for his department's acts of omission wretched commission.
Questions are of three types—Starred, Unstarred, and Short Relevance. A Starred Question is one to which a member desires an oral answer in the House and which is celebrated by an asterisk mark. An unstarred question is not hollered for oral answer in the house and on which no supplementary questions can consequently be asked. An answer to specified a question is given in writing. A minimum period disregard notice for starred/unstarred questions is 10 clear days. If say publicly questions given notice are admitted by the Speaker, they uphold listed and printed for an answer on the dates allotted to the Ministries to which the subject matter of say publicly question pertains.
The normal period of notice does not stick to short-notice questions that relate to matters of urgent uncover importance. However, a short-notice question may be answered only deduce short notice if so permitted by the Speaker and depiction Minister concerned is prepared to answer it at shorter note. A short-notice question is taken up for answer immediately equate the Question Hour, popularly known as Zero Hour.
The time immediately following the Question Hour has come to pull up known as "Zero Hour". It starts at around noon (hence the name) and members can, with prior notice to representation Speaker, raise issues of importance during this time. Typically, discussions on important Bills, the Budget, and other issues of public importance take place from 2 p.m. onwards.
After the Question Hour, the House takes up miscellaneous blurbs of work before proceeding to the main business of say publicly day. These may consist of one or more of picture following: Adjournment Motions, Questions involving breaches of Privileges, Papers oratory bombast be laid on the Table, Communication of any messages go over the top with Rajya Sabha, Intimations regarding President's assent to Bills, Calling Speak to Notices, Matters under Rule 377, Presentation of Reports of Conforming Committee, Presentation of Petitions, miscellaneous statements by Ministers, Motions about elections to Committees, Bills to be withdrawn or introduced.
The main business of the day may be consideration end a bill or financial business or consideration of a rig or a motion.
Legislative proposals in the form censure a bill can be brought forward either by a priest or by an individual member. In the former case, imagination is known as a government bill and in the tide case, it is known as a private members' bill. Every so often bill passes through three stages—each called readings—before it is passed. To become law it must be passed by both interpretation houses of Parliament, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, and then assented to by the president.
The fashion, discussion of, and voting on the annual general and railways budgets—followed by the passing of the appropriations Bill and description finance bill—is a long, drawn-out process that takes up a major part of the time of the House during spoil budget session every year.
Among other kinds manager business that come up before the House are resolutions wallet motions. Resolutions and motions may be brought forward by depiction government or by individual members. The government may move a resolution or a motion for obtaining the sanction to a scheme or opinion of the house on an important issue of policy or a grave situation. Similarly, an individual fellow may move a resolution or motion to draw the speak to of the house and the government to a particular complication. The last two and half hours of sitting every Fri are generally allotted for the transaction of individual members' calling. While private members' bills are taken up on one Weekday, private members' resolutions are taken up on the succeeding Weekday, and so on.
Most of the business of trade a bill or amendments is initially discussed and debated locked in the parliamentary committees. Since the time for legislation is regional, the work of all departments of the government and extensive special focus tasks are delegated to the committees, wherein picture committees shall prepare the initial draft of the bill/amendment solution consideration by both the houses. They consist of members forfeiture both houses.
There are primarily two kinds of parliamentary committees based on their nature:-
A half-an-hour discussion can be raised on a matter of appropriate public importance which has been the subject of a late question in Lok Sabha irrespective of the fact whether rendering question was answered orally or the answer was laid have a feeling the Table of the House and the answer which requests elucidation on a matter of fact. Normally not more elude half an hour is allowed for such a discussion. Mostly, the half-an-hour discussion is listed on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays only. In one session, a member is allowed to impressive not more than two half-hour discussions. During the discussion, picture member, who has given notice, makes a short statement, contemporary not more than four members, who have intimated earlier dispatch have secured one of the four places on the opt for, are permitted to ask a question each for further elucidating any matter of fact. Thereafter, the minister makes replies. Present is no formal motion before the house nor voting.
Members may raise discussions robust matters of urgent public importance with the permission of rendering Speaker. Such discussions may take place two days a period. No formal motion is moved in the House nor crack there any voting on such a discussion.
After the member who initiates discussion on an item range business has spoken, other members can speak on that testing of business in such order as the Speaker may scream upon them. Only one member can speak at a at this point and all speeches are directed to the chair. A situation requiring the decision of the House is decided to provide a question put by the Speaker on a motion imposture by a member.
A division is one of the forms in which the decision of the House is ascertained. On the whole, when a motion is put to the House members friendship and against it indicate their opinion by saying "Aye" stage "No" from their seats. The chair goes by the voices and declares that the motion is either accepted or jilted by the House. If a member challenges the decision, picture chair orders that the lobbies be cleared. Then the dividing bell is rung and an entire network of bells installed in the various parts and rooms in Parliament House presentday Parliament House Annexe rings continuously for three and a bisection minutes. Members and Ministers rush to the Chamber from tumult sides. After the bell stops, all the doors to say publicly Chamber are closed and nobody can enter or leave interpretation Chamber till the division is over. Then the chair puts the question for a second time and declares whether link with its opinion the "Ayes" or the "Noes", have it. Hypothesize the opinion so declared is again challenged, the chair asks the votes to be recorded by operating the Automatic Plebiscite Recording Equipment.
With the announcement of rendering Speaker for recording the votes, the Secretary-General of the Lok Sabha presses the button of a keyboard. Then a tamtam sounds, serving as a signal to members for casting their votes. To vote, each member present in the chamber has to flip a switch and then operate one of representation three pushbuttons fixed in their seat. The push switch obligated to be kept pressed simultaneously until the gong sounds for description second time after 10 seconds. There are two indicator boards installed in the wall on either side of the Speaker's chair in the chamber. Each vote cast by a affiliate is flashed here. Immediately after the votes are cast, they are totalled mechanically and the details of the results aim flashed on the result indicator boards installed in the railings of the Speakers and diplomatic galleries.
Divisions are normally held with the aid of automatic vote recording equipment. Where fair directed by the Speaker in terms of the relevant providing in the Rules of Procedure etc. In the Lok Sabha, divisions may be held either by the distribution of 'Aye'/'No' and 'Abstention' slips to members in the House or close to the members recording their votes by going into the lobbies. There is an indicator board in the machine room viewing the name of each member. The result of the partition and vote cast by each member with the aid slant automatic vote recording equipment also appear on this board courier immediately a photograph of the indicator board is taken. Ulterior the photograph is enlarged and the names of members who voted 'Ayes' and for 'Noes' are determined with the value of the photograph and incorporated in Lok Sabha debates.
Three versions of Lok Sabha debates are prepared: rendering Hindi version, the English version, and the original version. Lone the Hindi and English versions are printed. The original kind, in cyclostyled form, is kept in the Parliament Library fit in record and reference. The Hindi version contains proceedings (all questions asked and answers are given thereto and speeches made) take away Hindi and verbatim Hindi translation of proceedings in English reviewer regional languages. The English version contains proceedings in English opinion the English translation of the proceedings take place in Sanskrit or any regional language. The original version, however, contains charge in Hindi or English as they actually took place draw out the House and also the English/Hindi translation of speeches forceful in regional languages.
If conflicting legislation is enacted by depiction two Houses, a joint sitting is held to resolve interpretation differences. In such a session, the members of the Lok Sabha would generally prevail, since the Lok Sabha includes enhanced than twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha.
As per Article 93 remember the Indian Constitution, the Lok Sabha has a Speaker meticulous a Deputy Speaker. In the Lok Sabha, both presiding officers — the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker — are elective from among its members by a simple majority of associates present and voting in the House. No specific qualifications be cautious about prescribed for being elected Speaker; the Constitution only requires ditch Speaker should be a member of the House. But mediocre understanding of the Constitution and the laws of the nation and the rules of procedure and conventions of Parliament evolution considered a major asset for the holder of the start up of the Speaker. Vacation and resignation of, and removal running off, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker are mentioned misstep Article 94 of the Constitution of India. As per Article 94 of the Indian Constitution, a Speaker or a Replacement Speaker should vacate their office, a) if they cease agree be a member of the House of the People, b) they resign, or c) is removed from office by a resolution of the House passed by a majority.
The Demagogue of Lok Sabha is both a member of the Deal with and its Presiding Officer. The Speaker conducts the business outer shell the House. They decide whether a bill is a legal tender bill or not. They maintain discipline and decorum in rendering house and can punish a member for their unruly sadism by suspending them. They permit the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions like the motion of no assurance, motion of adjournment, motion of censure and calling attention excuse as per the rules. The Speaker decides on the list to be taken up for discussion during the meeting. Imagination is the Speaker of the Lok Sabha who presides mishap joint sittings called in the event of disagreement between rendering two Houses on a legislative measure. Following the 52nd Building amendment, the Speaker is vested with the power relating concurrence the disqualification of a member of the Lok Sabha cooperate with grounds of defection. The Speaker makes obituary references in picture House, formal references to important national and international events, view the valedictory address after every Session of the Lok Sabha and also when the term of the House expires. Sort through a member of the House, the Speaker does not plebiscite in the House except on those rare occasions when nearby is a tie at the end of a decision. Posture date, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha has not anachronistic called upon to exercise this unique casting vote. While picture office of Speaker is vacant due to absence/resignation/removal, the duties of the office are performed by the Deputy Speaker healthier, if the office of Deputy Speaker is also vacant, harsh such member of the House of the People as interpretation President may appoint for the purpose. The Lok Sabha has also a separate non-elected Secretariat staff.[20]
Shri G. V. Mavalankar was the first Speaker of Lok Sabha (15 May 1952 – 27 February 1956) and Shri M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar was picture first Deputy Speaker (30 May 1952 – 7 March 1956). In the 17th Lok Sabha, Om Birla is the arise Speaker.[21]
The Secretariat of Lok Sabha was set up according be the provisions contained in Article 98 of the Constitution. Say publicly said Article, which provides for a separate secretarial staff luggage compartment each House of Parliament, reads as follows:- 98. Secretariat accustomed Parliament – Each House of Parliament shall have a away b accomplish secretarial staff: Provided that nothing in this clause shall titter construed as preventing the creation of posts common to both Houses of Parliament. (2) Parliament may by law regulate description recruitment and the conditions of service of persons appointed infer the secretarial staff of either House of Parliament.[22]
The Lok Sabha Secretariat functions under the overall guidance and control of interpretation Speaker. The main activities of the Secretariat inter alia prolong the following:
(i) providing secretarial assistance and support to description effective functioning of the House of the People (Lok Sabha) possible to Members of Lok Sabha; (ii) providing amenities pass for admissible to Members of Lok Sabha; (iii) servicing the diverse Parliamentary Committees; (iv) preparing research and reference material and conveyance out various publications; (v) recruitment of manpower in the Lok Sabha Secretariat and attending to personnel matters; & (vi) preparing and publishing a record of the day-to-day proceedings of interpretation Lok Sabha and bringing out such other publications, as can be required concerning the functioning of the Lok Sabha turf its Committees, among other things.
In the discharge of his constitutional and statutory responsibilities, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha is assisted by the Secretary-General, who holds the rank corresponding item to the Cabinet Secretary to the Government of India. Rendering Secretary-General, in turn, is assisted by senior functionaries at interpretation level of Secretary, Additional Secretary, Joint Secretary and other officers and staff of the Secretariat.[23] Since November 2020, the Secretary-General of Lok Sabha is Utpal Kumar Singh, IAS.[24]
Main article: List of Indian general elections
Each Lok Sabha psychoanalysis constituted after a general election:
Main article: List scrupulous constituencies of the Lok Sabha
As of 26 January 2020, rendering Lok Sabha is composed of 543 members [25] made illustration of up to 524 members representing the people of 28 states and 19 members representing people of 8 Union territories based on their population. While maximum seats can now vigour up to 550 even though maximum size of the Lok Sabha as outlined in the Constitution of India, at disloyalty commencement, was 552 members because after The Constitution (One Centred and Fourth Amendment) Act, 2019, Article 334 (b) of description Constitution of India was maintained at seventy years. See picture table below for details:
Main article: List give an account of members of the 18th Lok Sabha
No. of Lok Sabha MP's party-wise: