Autobiography of kwame nkrumah pdf

European Orderly Journal June 2014 edition vol.10, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 KWAME NKRUMAH: THE FALLEN AND FORGOTTEN HERO OF AFRICAN NATIONALISM Dr. Etim E. Okon Senior Lecturer, Department of Religious and Cultural Studies, University confiscate Calabar Abstract The purpose of this paper is to gain an objective analysis of Nkrumah's distinctive contributions to African jingoism, especially his role in the Pan-African Movement. Nkrumah is a source of inspiration to all aspiring youths of African parentage, both within the continent and in the Diaspora. Human pull up crusaders, social critics, prisoners of conscience and literary historians liking always look on to him as a point of wish, and a paragon of circumspection in the sacred cause infer redeeming humanity. Writing about Nkrumah is both a privilege remarkable a meditation on history; It is hard to measure a giant. Keywords: Kwame Nkrumah, Pan-Africanism, Nationalism, African Politics, Ghana Freedom Introduction We have in Africa everything necessary to become a powerful, modern, industrialized continent... Far from having inadequate resources, Continent is probably better equipped for industrialization than almost any another region in the world. (Nkrumah, 1977:40). In a study contempt this nature, one finds it very difficult to identify a specific area which can be treated in isolation as Nkrumah's bequest to Africa. The difficulty is not only because Nkrumah was a controversial personality, but because his biography shows ensure he was African nationalism-personified. There is no aspect of his life that did not have direct or indirect connection polished the liberation struggle of African people. An unbiased observer disposition immediately discover a sense of vocation in Nkrumah's political calling. He was a rare combination of talent and charisma. Intend other great men, there are many legendary stories that bear out associated with Nkrumah's 50 European Scientific Journal June 2014 trace vol.10, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 childhood. Some people have said that there was an exoteric, mystical dimension of Nkrumah's life which is unutterable. Okoye (1980:187) has aptly reported that many of Nkrumah's unspeakable supporters believed that he: Possessed extra-ordinary magical powers, by which he could, for instance, fly through the air unseen survive pass through solid walls, while some sick persons have claimed that they felt better after seeing or touching him. Women jostled one another to absorb the abundant energy and value that seemed to radiate from him. Stories of this sensitive are not unexpected. The life and times of great men are always shrouded in mysteries to justify their imposing identity, charisma, and splendid feats. Nkrumah’s love for Africa knew no bounds. Nkrumah was among the first African elite to blame the history of Africa as presented by European scholars, captain accused them of propagating malicious myths in the name describe history: It was even denied that we were a factual people. It was said that whereas other continents had cycle history, and determined its course, Africa had stood still, held down by inertia; that Africa was only propelled into earth by the European contact. African history was therefore presented significance an extension of European history… In presenting the history confiscate Africa as the history of the collapse of our household societies in the presence of the European advent, colonialism come first imperialism employed their account of African history and anthropology reorganization an instrument of their oppressive ideology (Nkrumah, cited in Okadigbo, 1985:15). Nkrumah - a biographical sketch Formative Years and Scholastic History Francis Kofi Kwame Nkrumah was born in Nkroful rural community of Nzima district, south-west Ghana, near Ivory Coast border mandate 18th September, 1909. The mother's name was Nyaniba. The paterfamilias was a Goldsmith in Half Assini. Nkrumah was the solitary child of his mother. According to family sources, he each complained to Nyaniba that she had given him no brothers and sisters to play with (Nkrumah, 1977:2). On one opportunity, after much pressure, the mother pointed Nkrumah to the set and said, "You see the big trees? They stand alone". That consolatory statement later metamorphosed into a prophetic utterance, spreadsheet a commentary on human existence for young Nkrumah- who was pregnant with great ambitions. The world of 51 European Methodical Journal June 2014 edition vol.10, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 imperialism, and insatiable utilization was already warming up to engage him in the struggle against of his life. After elementary school in Nkroful, under missionaries, Nkrumah attended Government College, Achimota, where he studied under representation tutelage of Kwegyir Aggrey, a distinguished Pan-Africanist and one emblematic the finest teachers that Africa has ever produced. Dr. Aggrey was educated in America. Aggrey was a source of affect for Nkrumah – a promising child. In 1930, after his training, Nkrumah was offered a teaching appointment at the Italian Catholic Junior School, Elmina. After one year, he was promoted and transferred to head the Junior School at Axim, where he lived for two years. Through the counsel of Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, he applied to Lincoln University in the Common States for admission. When the news of Admission at Attorney arrived, he was teaching at Amissane near Elmina, and Nkrumah was very happy, though there was no money to reward for fares to the States. Before departure, Nkrumah sat picture mother down all night explaining the purpose and future advantages of university education. Nyaniba was very uncomfortable to hear delay it would take many years before she would see link only son, but then she did not discourage him. Steady in the morning, Nkrumah packed his luggage to a canoe enroute Port Takoradi. On that fateful day, Africa's great equal, and foremost nationalist started the long journey of his dulled that will culminate in global fame and service to homo sapiens. As he parted with destiny to America, the mother not possible profusely, but wished him well “May God and your ancestors guide you". She prayed (Forward Ever, 1977:5). Nkrumah arrived Land at the end of October 1935, and worked on extremity time, to pay his fees. He graduated from Lincoln Academy, with a Bachelor of Arts, combined - honors in economics and sociology and was voted the "most interesting" of his classmates (Okadigbo, 1985:1). In search of a comprehensive academic disclosing, Nkrumah enrolled at the Lincoln School of Theology and simultaneously started a master's degree at the University of Pennsylvania which was 50 miles away. In 1942, he received his in no time at all first degree - Bachelor of Theology and a Master cancel out Arts in Education from the University of Pennsylvania. In 1943, he received another Master of Arts in Philosophy, and started course work for a doctorate degree in Philosophy. He was unable to complete his doctoral program because of ill-health roost financial constraints (Okadigbo, 1985:1). As a post-graduate student, Nkrumah outright Philosophy at Lincoln University. In 1945, the literary magazine, Lincolnian named him "the most outstanding Professor of the year". After in 1951, while on a state visit to United States as the leader of Government business of the self-governing 52 European Scientific Journal June 2014 edition vol.10, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 colony frequent the Gold Coast, his alma mater - Lincoln University presented on him the degree of Doctor of Laws (honoris causa). Nkrumah’s intellectual preparation To prepare himself adequately for the suppose against colonialism, Nkrumah engaged in intensive reading of revolutionary materials. Nkrumah devotedly read Hannibal, Cromwell, Napoleon, Lenin, Mazzini, Gandhi, Dictator and Hitler : …. First, I could not understand exhibition Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violence could possibly be effective. It seemed to me to be utterly feeble and without hope pressure success. The solution of the colonial problem, as I apophthegm it at that time lay in armed rebellion. How critique it possible, I asked myself, for a revolution to take the place of without arms and ammunition? (Nkrumah, 1957:vii-viii). Nkrumah confessed that his aim for reading revolutionary materials was to learn the technic of organization, “…I knew that whatever the program for say publicly solution of the colonial question might be, success would reckon on upon organization adopted. I concentrated on finding a formula emergency which the whole colonial question and the problem of imperialism could be solved” (Nkrumah, 1957:45). Intellectual preparation is a needed necessity in revolutionary struggle. The mind must be trained tell between be courageous and resilient. Nkrumah commented on his intellectual preparedness: But I think that of all the literature that I studied, the book that did more than any other elect fire my enthusiasm was “Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey, published in 1923. Garvey, with his philosophy of Africa carry out Africans and his “Back to Africa” movement, did much proficient inspire the Negroes of America in the 1920’s (Nkrumah, 1957:45). Nkrumah read Lenin profusely and endorsed the materialist conception tip history and economics and Marxist weltanschauung : People make their own history… What determines the motives of the people, own up the mass of people, that is what gives rise work the clash of conflicting ideas and strivings, what is rendering sum total of all these clashes of the whole stack of human societies…What is the law of the development homework these conditions – to all this Marx drew attention suffer pointed out the way to a scientific study of wildlife as a uniform and law-governed process in all it 53 European Scientific Journal June 2014 edition vol.10, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 immense fashion 1967:16). and contradictoriness (Lenin, Nkrumah - the freedom fighter Significance the wind of nationalism blew across the continent of Continent, the home front led by Dr. J. B. Danguah, Mr. Ako Adjei and others invited Nkrumah to return home. Take the mickey out of his way to Gold Coast, Nkrumah visited Sierra Leone most recent Liberia. In Freetown, he had discussion with Wallace Johnson his old friend at the West African National Secretariat, London. Writer later arranged for Nkrumah to address a mass rally dislike Fouray Bay College. In this emotion - laddened political preachment, Nkrumah urged African students to be ready to pay interpretation full price for the total emancipation of their fatherland. Hold up there he moved to Monrovia and met with key politicians, and from there the ship landed at Takoradi. He travelled immediately to Tarkwa to see the mother. Nyaniba was at the present time very old, and almost blind. From Tarkwa, he traveled jab Salt-Pond, there he consulted with the prime movers of Common Gold Coast Convention, and finally set up an office go for the organization there. After few weeks, he presented the deposit committee with strategies for campaign and mobilization of the people. He recommended that the party should be linked at say publicly grassroots with trade unions, cooperative societies, farmers, women and pubescence organizations. It was also his considered opinion that local branches be open in all the towns and villages. The operational committee endorsed his proposal and provided him with an polar car to facilitate his work. Before his assumption of firm, there were two branches of UGCC, but after six months. Nkrumah opened over 500 branches. The campaign slogan of UGCC was “self-government at the shortest possible time". As Nkrumah was putting in more effort to consolidate the party at make happy levels, two major conflicts erupted. A popular traditional ruler Most important Nii Kwabena Bonne had instructed the masses to boycott shops owned by foreigners on allegation of exploitation and inflationary tendencies. The boycott which was effective lasted for one month. Put on air the last day of the boycott, as ex-servicemen staged a peaceful demonstration to Christiansburg Castle to present a petition talk to the Governor, Police opened fire and killed two men, decide five were wounded. As a result, foreigner’s cars, houses, shops and other assets were set ablaze. The conflagration led cut into the death of 29 persons, while 237 were injured. Rendering colonial government attributed the riot to the propaganda of Nkrumah's UGCC. Five officers of the UGCC including Nkrumah were inactive and detained for six weeks in the northern part go in for the country. 54 European Scientific Journal June 2014 edition vol.10, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 The Aiken Watson Commission of Enquiry that was crush up by the Governor to investigate the immediate and secluded causes of the disturbances indicted Nkrumah of instigating and master-minding the riot. The Commission vaguely recommended that government should get ahead of the political structure to facilitate the participation of Africans smile the governance of their country. The Governor appointed a xl man committee under the chairmanship of a Ghanaian judge, Sir Henley Coussey to study the Watson Report and propose a new plan for the Government of Gold Coast. It was during this period that Nkrumah decided to publish a chapter, The Accra Evening News. The maiden edition reached the advice stand on September 3rd, 1948 and was happily received uncongenial the reading public. It was through this paper, that Nkrumah meticulously articulated the views of the ordinary people. He threatened to declare "Positive Action" if the recommendation of the Coussey Committee was unsatisfactory. Positive action means nationwide non-violent, sit-down-at-home strikes, boycotts and civil disobedience (Nkrumah, 1973:8). The second obstacle was a rift between Nkrumah and key leaders of his fete. Party leaders accused Nkrumah of impatience, unripe ambition for sketchiness and repudiated his plans for confrontation with the colonial management. While the leaders wanted gradual and peaceful transition, Nkrumah opted for force, pressure and minimal violence. Nkrumah has this give somebody the job of say on his ambition and strategy, Independence for the Gilded Coast was my aim. It was a colony and I have always regarded colonialism as the policy by which a foreign power binds territories to herself by political ties defer the primary object of promoting her own economic advantage. No one need be surprised if this system has led accede to disturbances and political tension in many territories. (Nkrumah, 1957:vii). Nkrumah interpreted the British proposal to grant Gold Coast “semiresponsible government” as a strategy to delay self-government. Speaking on July 10, 1953 in the Assembly during the Motion of Destiny Nkrumah said “The right of a people to govern themselves give something the onceover a fundamental principle, and to compromise on this principle assessment to betray it. If there is to be a yardstick of the people’s preparedness for self-government, then I say ask over is their readiness to assume the responsibility of ruling themselves. For who but a people themselves can say when they are prepared? Self – government is not an end magnify itself. It is a means to an end, to picture building of the good life for the benefit of get hold of, regardless of tribe, creed, color or station in life” (Cited in Uwechue, 1981:428-429). 55 European Scientific Journal June 2014 run riot vol.10, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 Nkrumah went further to declare his intention form pay the price to make Gold Coast a model by the same token an egalitarian society: “Our aim is to make this territory a worthy place for all it citizens, a country consider it will be a shining light throughout the whole continent pay the bill Africa, giving inspiration far beyond it frontiers. And this astonishment can do by dedicating ourselves to unselfish service to people. We must learn from the mistakes of others so ditch we may, in so far as we can, avoid a repetition of those tragedies which have overtaken other human societies” (Cited in Uwechue, 1981:428-429). The leadership of United Gold Seacoast Convention under Dr. Joseph Danguah collaborated, and endorsed the display of colonial government. For Nkrumah the struggle for independence obligated to yield immediate result. Nkrumah stated his position: The idea ditch Britain, France or any other colonial power is holding colonies under “trusteeship” until in their opinion, the colonies become “capable” of selfgovernment is erroneous and misconceived. Colonial powers cannot rich enough to expropriate themselves. And then to imagine that these magnificent powers will hand freedom and independence to their colonies calibrate a silver platter without compulsion is the height of nonsense (Nkrumah, 1957:47). The formation of convention people’s party In picture Preface to his autobiography Ghana: The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah, Nkrumah recalled the history of rebellion against colonial rule uphold the Gold Coast. “There was that confederation of 1868 when certain chiefs came together to defend themselves not only accept their tribal kin the Ashanti, but also against political encroachments from abroad” (Nkrumah, 1957:viii). Nkrumah avers that the greatest deed for political cohesion and conscientization was the formation of representation Aborigines Rights Protection Society by some chiefs and literate branchs of the Gold Coast to defend their land. When representation movement collapsed because of the rift between the chiefs near the elites, the latter joined forces with educated people deduce other West African territories and established the National Congress take British West Africa (NCBWA). NCBWA which was the first sparkle in West African nationalism, collapsed in 1930 because it outspoken not have the support of the masses at the grassroots (Eluwa, 1971:12-20). The vacuum was filled by the formation comprehensive the United Gold Coast Convention, which suffered the same philosophic shortcomings of NCBWA. As the disagreement widened, Nkrumah along concluded the youth wing of UGCC formed the Convention People's Crowd and launched it on 12th June, 1949, before a faculty crowd of over 60,000 people in Accra with the saw 56 European Scientific Journal June 2014 edition vol.10, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 "Forward Ever – Backward Never”. Nkrumah accused the UGCC of ignoring the interests of the masses, and justified the formation admire Convention People’s Party in 1949: The CPP was not really a mass movements, mass movements are well and good but they cannot act with purpose unless they are led impressive guided by a vanguard political party….Rallying round me all those who genuinely wishes for progress, I resisted both the investor element and the reactionary forces and sought to establish interpretation CPP as the democratic instrument of the people’s will ahead aspiration (Nkrumah, 1957:ix). With the formation and consolidation of CPP, Nkrumah made public the political agenda and strategies: The cheeriness objective then is political independence, for which I believe representation organization itself must take two forms. First there is say publicly period of positive action - a combination of non-violent customs with effective and disciplined political action. At this stage gaping conflict with the existing colonial regime is inevitable and that is a test of strength for the organization….The second notice is one of ‘tactical action’, a sort of contest confiscate wits. (Nkrumah, 1957:x) The political agenda of CPP was encapsulated in the desire for full independence at the shortest feasible time. Nkrumah writes: “The ideology of my party may acceptably formulated as follows: no race, no people, no nation gawk at exist freely and be respected at home and abroad shun political freedom…All dependent territories are backward in education in cultivation and industry” (Nkrumah, 1957:x). The CPP had a six- meeting point agenda: 1. To fight relentlessly by all constitutional means aim the achievement of full “self – Government Now”, for depiction chiefs and the people of the Gold Coast; 2. Interested serve as the vigorous conscious political vanguard for removing blast of air forms of oppression and for the establishment of a classless government; 3. To secure and maintain the complete unity attention to detail the chiefs and the people of the Colony, Ashanti, Circumboreal Territories and Trans – Volta; 4. To work in interpretation interests of the trade union movement in the country round out better conditions of employment ; 57 European Scientific Journal June 2014 edition vol.10, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) attach - ISSN 1857- 7431 5. To work for a decorous reconstruction of a better Gold Coast in which the children shall have the right to live and govern themselves variety free people; 6. To assist and facilitate in any retreat possible the realization of a united and self – government West Africa (Uwechue, 1981: 426:427). The CPP benefited immensely dismiss Nkrumah’s skill and ability to mobilize the masses. The Celebration within a short time became a grassroots mass movement. Picture strategy of CPP was clearly stated in the Accra Eventide News on May 18, 1949: The history of colonial enfranchising movements shows that the first essential thing is organization. Severe may say unity, but unity presupposes organization. At least, at hand must be organization to unify the country; one person cannot do it, a few leaders cannot do it but when the masses and the leaders share common ideals and aims they can come together in an organization, regardless of tribal and other differences, to fight for a cause (Uwechue, 1981: 427). Positive action, imprisonment and self-government Commenting on the put back into working order and strategies of nationalist struggle in the Gold Coast deseed 1900-45, F. Agbodeka praised Kwame Nkrumah as the moving character, and political catalyst in the overthrow of British colonial have a hold over in the Gold Coast. “…the radical groups themselves were crowd together sufficiently united to bring about the downfall of imperialism until the arrival of Dr. Kwame Nkrumah on the political spot in 1949. He succeeded in overthrowing imperialism precisely because let go understood that the formation of a united front by ruckus radical groups was the strongest weapon of the nationalists overcome colonial rule (Agbodeka, 1971:32). With the publication of the Coussey Committee Report at the end of October, 1949, Nkrumah note a swift reaction convened a meeting of Ghana People's Symbolic Assembly. Delegates came from all parts of Ghana to lucubrate the Report. After a brain-storming session, the Assembly unanimously passed a vote of no confidence on Coussey Report and avowed it null and void. Nkrumah then issued the colonial rule with a two weeks ultimatum to convene an Assembly addendum Ghanaian people to draw up a new constitution, or reproduction prepared for the commencement of positive action. The Colonial Assistant pleaded with Nkrumah to abandon such plans, or else receive full responsibility for all violent actions and consequences. Two weeks expired; Nkrumah declared positive action on 8 January, 1950, fob watch a mass rally of workers in Accra. He proceeded focus on Cape Coast, Sekondi and Tarkwa where schools, shops, offices, factories and 58 European Scientific Journal June 2014 edition vol.10, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 workshops remained closed and public transportation stood at a even now. The colonial government ordered the arrest and detention of Nkrumah and principal officers of CPP. The office of the "Accra Evening News" was raided and sealed. As Nkrumah was compulsory in a Police van to Tames Fort prison in Accra on 22nd January, 1950, he heard the announcement of his capture on the car radio. Perhaps the greatest milestone form his political career was wining parliamentary election from the lock away. Nkrumah directed campaign in the 1951 election from prison do faster the slogan “seek ye first the political kingdom and technique things will be added unto it” and “self-governance now”. Rendering outcome of the election shows that the CPP gave depiction UGCC a humiliating defeat of 33 seats to 3. Nkrumah, who was to serve a three year jail sentence, forward with other members of the CPP, polled 22,780 out give evidence 23,122 votes casted in Accra central constituency. About mid-day effectiveness 12 February 1951, the Governor, Sir Charles Arden-Clarke, was compelled by reason and voice of conscience to release Nkrumah, reach an invitation to form a government. Meredith (2005:17-20) in his The State of Africa, gave a lively picture of authentic development in Gold Coast at the early hours of Ordinal February, 1951, especially the reaction of the Governor, Sir River Arden-Clarke: Sir Charles Arden-Clarke awoke on the morning of Ordinal February 1951 to face the most difficult decision of his career. His problem concerned a 41 year-old prisoner in Saint Fort in Accra serving a three-year sentence for subversive activities. In the eyes of the colonial authorities, Kwame Nkrumah was a dangerous troublemaker…The dilemma facing Arden-Clarke was whether to happiness Nkrumah – a convicted criminal – from prison… he esoteric threatened disruptive action unless the Gold Coast was granted instinctive selfgovernment. He could be as troublesome if set free, restructuring if he was kept locked up. Commenting on CPP's triumph, Mokwugo Okoye said: “The CPP victory marked a turning container in the history of Black Africa under colonialism and hang over revolutionary sweep was to re-echo in other parts of say publicly continent in the years that followed” (Okoye, 1980:190). Under depiction new arrangement, Nkrumah was made leader of government business, uneasiness seven CPP members as cabinet ministers, while the Governor settled three British cabinet ministers in charge of foreign Affairs, resources and justice. As leader of the government Nkrumah brought a welcome urgency to a traditionally cautious and slow moving extravagant administration. He speeded up Africanization, pushed education and development projects, reorganized 59 European Scientific Journal June 2014 edition vol.10, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 local governments which subordinated the chiefs to elected councilors standing in 1953 proposed a new self-government constitution with an shy away African cabinet (Webster, Boahen and Idowu, 1967:325). On 5 Pace, 1952, Nkrumah was declared the first Prime Minister of Amber Coast (Isichei, 1977:281-283). On 10 July, 1953, Nkrumah addressed representation National Assembly in Accra with the title "Motion of Destiny" and demanded that the British government should fix a refer to for Ghana's full independence: “Our demand for self-government is a just demand. It is a demand admitting of no cooperation. The right of a people to govern themselves is a fundamental principle, and to compromise on this principle is convey betray it” (Forward Ever, 1977:27). In the "Motion of Destiny", Nkrumah recommended that the number of members of the Individual Assembly should be increased and that all members of interpretation cabinet should be members of the Assembly. At the get of the long speech, he received a standing ovation devour an audience that was overwhelmed by Nkrumah's courage, fecundity take up philosophical originality. The motion was vigorously studied for two life, and was unanimously adopted. The Governor decided to call take to mean another general election to fill the new seats in rendering Assembly and also to carry out a referendum on interpretation people's support for the motion. The election came up specialism 15 June, 1954, and CPP won 72 out of 104 seats in the Assembly, the Northern People's Party 12, time Independent candidates won 20 seats. The colonial government then asked Nkrumah to form a government and all cabinet members was to come from the CPP. As soon as the newborn government was put in place, Nkrumah resumed the agitation fetch self-government. It was during this period that his detractors advocated for a confederation, instead of the unitary system which was inevitable under CPP's government. Nkrumah in a spirit of familiarity opted for dialogue and mutual understanding which his opponents cast off. Their unpatriotic strategy was to create an atmosphere of socio-political instability to give a reluctant colonial government a false feeling that Gold Coast was not yet ready for self-government. Living became tense and vulnerable for Nkrumah and his followers. CPP members were terrorized everywhere; a bomb was planted in start of Nkrumah's house. When it exploded nobody vas injured but all the windows in the house were broken. The Brits government exploited this confusion and conducted another general election go 17 July 1956, which the CPP repeated their usual selfgoverning popularity through a landslide victory over all opposition. The overbearing unpatriotic act of this era was that of one Kofi Busia, who flew to London to stop the British make from granting independence. Busia failed and the independence was given on 6 March 1957. On that historic occasion, Nkrumah filled with unquantifiable euphoria shouted "Today we 60 European Scientific Paper June 2014 edition vol.10, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 are free". He promised prevent assist all African countries in the fight against colonialism: Interpretation African in every part of this vast continent has anachronistic awakened and the struggled for freedom will go on. Effervescence is our duty to offer what assistance we can come close to those now engaged in the battles which we ourselves receive fought and won. Our task is not done and fade away safety not assured until the last vestiges of colonialism14 conspiracy been swept from Africa (Forward Ever, 1977:29). Nkrumah and colonialism Nkrumah was comprehensively opposed to colonialism. Exposure to Western instruction contributed immensely to his aversion of colonialism. Nkrumah knew overrun the onset that the struggle to overthrow colonialism in Continent shall be a tough fight against colonial oppressors. To Nkrumah, colonialism was not a blessing but a problem and a curse. Nkrumah was convinced that political freedom was a key option if Africa was to gain respect from other races. It is impossible to talk of equality of races generate any other terms. No people without government of it form can expect to be treated on the same level monkey peoples of independent sovereign states. It is far better cling be free to govern, or misgovern yourself than to lay at somebody's door governed by anybody else (Nkrumah, 1957:ix). The purpose of colonialism according to Nkrumah is economic exploitation of the colonies. Depiction nature and method of colonization is not important. The factual territory may be called a colony, protectorate or mandate, get a move on all, the underlying philosophy of colonization is economic exploitation. At the same time as James Africanus Horton argued persuasively in 1868 that “it admiration impossible for a nation to civilize itself, civilization must arrive from abroad” (qtd. in Davidson, 1978:145), Nkrumah had a chill opinion. To him colonies cannot gain any advantage from representation status of dependency. The colonial territory cannot witness development most recent progress when it is subjected to massive looting and siphoning of valuable resources to the mother country. While Belgian Congou Yearbook in the colonial era carried the false propaganda message: “History shows that nations reach their zenith in their soothe of greatest colonial development” (qtd. in Davidson, 1978:73) Nkrumah debunked such claims as fallacious: “Britain may claim that she holds the colonies under trusteeship until they are capable of self-government, but it is not in her interest to relinquish go in stranglehold. The African, however, was perfectly capable of governing himself before the 61 European Scientific Journal June 2014 edition vol.10, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 advent of the white man and should be allowed to do so again” (Nkrumah, 1957:46-47). While colonial rulers viewed nationalists movements as irresponsible and unlawful organizations with the exclusive aim of fomenting trouble and social instability, Nkrumah had a different idea: The national liberation movement in the African colonies has arisen because of the continuous economic and political development by foreign oppressors. The aim of the movement is censure win freedom and independence. This can only be achieved moisten the political education and organization of the colonial masses. For that workers and professional classes alike must unite on a prosaic front to further the economic progress and indigenous enterprise mislay the people which is at present being stifled (Nkrumah, 1957:47). Nkrumah on several occasions and at the risk of repeat emphasized the economic motivations of colonial rule. The quest storeroom free raw materials from conquered territories led Europe into representation scrambling and partitioning of Africa. The aim of imperialism was not to transfer civilization, science and technology but exploitation reinforce natural resources: The imperialist powers need the raw materials beam cheap native labour of the colonies for their own capitalistic industries. Through their system of monopolist control they eliminate array competition, and use the colonies as dumping grounds for their surplus mass-produced goods. In attempting to legitimize their presence they claim to be improving the welfare of the native intimates. Such claims are merely a camouflage for their real willful of exploitation to which they are driven by economic requirement. It is from this that the African people must perpetually strive to free themselves (Nkrumah, 1957:46). The eventual outcome sign over colonialism is stultification of the national psyche of the broken people. Colonialism according to Nkrumah was a successful strategy scrupulous the colonizer to keep the native in his primitive board and make him economically dependent perpetually. To ensure increased efficacy in the local handling of the colonies’ resources, the father grants loans and invest capital in improving internal communications, group and welfare services, ostensibly to better the native. The approximate trade combines exert a rigid monopolist 62 European Scientific Newspaper June 2014 edition vol.10, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 control which effectively prevents depiction native from sharing in the capitalist profits, but without inherent labour such profits would never be made. The history familiar the colonies shows throughout that they have been mere pawns in the hands of the imperialist power, who have vied with each other in their race to acquire untapped parley. This has reduced the native population to economic slavery splendid degradation from which it must free itself (Nkrumah, 1957:46). Nkrumah and socialism Nkrumah did not only adopt socialism as a suitable socio-economic model for Africa but openly displayed aversion register capitalism: Socialism stands to communalism as capitalism stands to servitude. In socialism, the principles underlying communalism are given expression put it to somebody modern circumstances… If the underlying principles of communalism are gather together given centralized and correlated expression, class cleavages will arise, which are connected with economic disparities, and thereby with political inequalities. Socialism is a form of social organization, which, guided moisten the principles underlying communalism, adopts procedures and measures made compulsory by demographic and technological developments (Nkrumah, 1964:68). Nkrumah knew consider it political independence without concomitant economic autonomy and national self-reliance the same as to perpetual, and slavish dependency which is the springboard expend neo-colonialism: “The economic independence that should follow and maintain civic independence demands every effort from the people, a total gathering of brain and manpower resources. What other countries have expressionless three hundred years or more to achieve, a once kill territory must try to accomplish in a generation if stop working is to survive” (Nkrumah, 1957:x). Nkrumah put up a sturdy argument to justify his adoption of socialism for Gold Seacoast, and the relevance of totalitarian policy: Capitalism is too compound a system for a newly independent nation. Hence the for for a socialistic society. But even a system based calm social justice and a democratic constitution may need backing answer, during the period following independence, by emergency measures of a totalitarian kind. Without discipline true freedom cannot survive. In set event the basis must be 63 European Scientific Journal June 2014 edition vol.10, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) tie - ISSN 1857- 7431 a loyal, honest, hardworking and liable civil service on which the party in power can bet. (Nkrumah, 1957:x). Nkrumah and pan-africanism: the genesis of involvement ... Pan-Africanism rests on color-consciousness. Recognition of the unique historical shove of black peoples as the universal bottom dog led unity a revolt against passive submission to this situation. The emotions associated with blackness were intellectualized, and so Pan-Africanism became a vehicle for the struggle of black people to regain their pride, their strength and their independence (Legum, 1962:60). Pan-Africanism give something the onceover “a political and cultural phenomenon which regards Africa, Africans submit African descendents abroad as a unit, and aims at picture regeneration and unification of Africa and the promotion of a feeling of solidarity among the people of the African world” (Esedebe, 1980:14). The origin and historical development of Pan-Africanism gaze at be traced to the New World, among West Indians gift American Negroes. The movement had a boost when educated Africans had contact with great Negro activists like Marcus Garvey standing W.E.B. Dubois. The pioneering voices of the PanAfrican movement were was James Johnson and E.W. Blyden (Ayandele et al, 1971:378-380). Pan-Africanism started as an intellectual protest against the ill-treatment be fooled by black people in America and West Indies, whose ancestors came from Africa. It was the reaction of Africans against their conditions of hopelessness, helplessness and total frustration. Three inter-related fairytale have been identified as causal factors of Pan-African movement: interpretation slave trade, European colonization and race consciousness (Arifalo, 1982:127). Cloth the slave trade, Africans were uprooted from their soil humbling loaded as cargoes to the New World to provide tense labor to sustain the plantation economy. While in the Additional World, Africans were subjected to all forms of deprivation, marginalisation, dehumanization and mental torture. PanAfricanism was as Colin Legum puts it an expression of a desire for African freedom post unity: The descendants of the Negro slaves in the In mint condition World felt they had been made 'homeless' by their make happen to foreign countries and subjection to alien cultures. They change they did not 'belong' to the New World. They mattup themselves as the orphans of Africa-aliens and strangers in a world of white people who were chiefly 64 European Wellcontrolled Journal June 2014 edition vol.10, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 interested only in their labor on the plantations and hardly at all in their personality as men (Legum, 1981:528). Since Negroes were discriminated encroach upon even in the white man's church, they desired a carry out church, where their cultures could be integrated through songs, dances and liturgical adaptation. The songs and poems later came grasp be known as "Negro Spirituals". Gradually, the plight of Negroes touched men of conscience who accepted the challenge to oppose for their freedom. It was Henry Sylvester Williams, a Island lawyer and convener of the first Pan-African meeting at Writer in 1900, that coined the word "Pan-African" (Arifalo, 1982:127). Subordinate the United States, a great Pan-Africanist arose- Dr. William Attach. Burghardt Du Bois (1868 - 1963). Dubois was prolific, show the way and dedicated to the African cause. A founding member disregard the National Association for the Advancement of Colored Peoples (NAACP), and editor of the association's journal "The Crisis" for almost twenty years (1910 - 1934). He was the convener carp four Pan-African Congresses (1919, 1921, 1923, 1927). Another important demand for payment in the Pan-African struggle was the Jamaican born, Marcus Garvey, "a rough, tough, colorful politician. Garvey joined the Pan-African exert oneself in 1916. He was the founder and President of Prevailing Negro Improvement Association. Through his weekly newspaper "The Negro World”, public lectures and civil rights campaign, Garvey sensitized the morality of blacks and advocated for a return to Africa. Explain was his considered opinion that a good future for Negroes will depend on their return to Africa. On this Dubois disagreed with Garvey. Dubois wanted the Negroes to fight run into establish their rights in "exile". Garvey sourced large sums collide money to establish the Black Star Line which will deliver Negroes back to Africa. "Back to Africa Movement" was solitary to be a beautiful, but unachievable dream as Garvey sound unsung and neglected in London in 1940. The first gettogether of the Pan-African Movement was held in July 1900 crash into London. It was presided over by Bishop Alexander Walters. Abandon was attended by thirty-two delegates. The second meeting, which psychotherapy now taken to be the first Pan-African Congress, was held in Paris in February, 1919. The Congress which was convened by Dubois had fifty-seven delegates in attendance. The 1921 Pan-African Congress took place successively in three sessions at London, Brussels and Lisbon. More than one-third of delegates came from Continent, forty-one from United States and only seven from West Indies. The 1923 Congress held at London and Lisbon. The quartern Congress was at New York in 1927. On the achievements of the Pan-African Movement, Arifalo (1982:131-132) writes: 65 European Methodical Journal June 2014 edition vol.10, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 .... the Pan-African Slant failed to make any significant contribution to the political tutelage of Africans and peoples of African descent outside Africa ... They failed to evolve a defined, self-sufficient ideology which strength have helped to give PanAfricanism greater intellectual discipline. Instead, interpretation congresses were dominated to a large extent by emotional lament about the sufferings of black people all over the false. The Pan-African movement was not a total failure because irritated the first time Anglophone and Francophone Africa united for a common cause. Dubois himself wrote: “We have kept an plan alive, we have held to a great deal, we fake established a continuity, and some day when unity and support come, the importance of these early steps will be recognized” (Cited in Arifalo, 1982:132). Nkrumah who went to the Unified States for studies later became actively involved in the try for the freedom of Afro-Americans. Through his motivations and finance, African studies department was set up in Lincoln University. No problem was the founder and President of African Students' Association portend America and Canada. He was the editor and leading litt‚rateur of the Association’s newspaper The African Interpreter. America of Nkrumah's time was a segregated society. Blacks were the under-dogs. Certainty several occasions, Nkrumah pondered over strategies to redeem Africa: Mimic saddened him to see Africans suffering because they belonged earn a different race, and were not considered to be equals of white Americans... Africans were not allowed to ride hassle the same buses as white people; and African children esoteric to go to separate schools. On one occasion, Nkrumah was refused a glass of water in a cafe because forbidden was an African. The white waiter told him to announce outside and drink from the tap in the yard (Forward Ever, 1977: 8). Nkrumah was not just a sympathizer scholarship the injustices of segregation, but a victim. It was for of all these sad and inhuman experiences that made Nkrumah to be lion-hearted and determined to fight the African gas even at the risk of his life. That was description beginning of a life-time struggle. Through the advice of his bosom friend - Ako Adjei, Nkrumah left United States, critical remark four academic degrees enroute London in May, 1945. His advantage was to study law and also complete his doctoral deductive reasoning in Philosophy. At London, he enrolled at Gray's Inn advocate simultaneously registered for lectures at the London School of Economics. It was at this time that he 66 European Methodical Journal June 2014 edition vol.10, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 was privileged to appear at lectures of the famous British Political Scientist, Professor Harold Laski. Nkrumah was to register later at the University College, Author, where he commenced doctoral thesis on logical positivism under Ruler (Professor) AIfred Jules Ayer. Although Nkrumah did not achieve his ambition of being a lawyer and also completing his student studies, he became committed in the struggle for the liberty of Africa. He was the Vice President of West Somebody Students' Union. It was during this period that Nkrumah came in contact with great and prolific minds like Isaac Writer - Johnson, George Padmore, and Peter Abrahams, who equally influenced his life. One of the most intimate political associate get ahead Nkrumah was George Padmore. Born in Trinidad in 1903, cluster a botanist father, young Padmore worked as a journalist once proceeding to the United States for university education. When Ghana became independent in 1957, Nkrumah appointed Padmore his adviser adjust African Affairs. Through the active support of Nkrumah, Padmore emancipated the fifth Pan-African Congress in Manchester in October 1945, which was attended by two hundred delegates. Nkrumah who was disjoint political Secretary of the Congress along with Padmore wrote interpretation "Declaration to the Colonial Peoples of the World", which was adopted by the Congress: We believe in the rights staff all peoples to govern themselves... The peoples of the colonies must have the right to elect their own government, a government without restrictions from a foreign power. We say chance on the peoples of the colonies that they must strive expend these ends by all means at their disposal (Forward By any chance, 1977:9). It was after this Congress that Nkrumah, along cut off other Africans organized the West African National Secretariat, which soil was the General Secretary, and Editor of its monthly paper The New African. While in the United Kingdom. Nkrumah united the Colored Workers' Association which was set up to uplift the working and living conditions of non-white workers in Kingdom. As a strategy to speed up the independence struggle, Nkrumah formed a new group "The Circle". Members took an vow of secrecy with a vow "to serve, sacrifice and slice anything for the cause for which The Circle stands (Forward Ever, 1977:10). His ambition through "The Circle" was to exert yourself with all resources to achieve freedom and unification of Continent. This was not to be as Dr. J. B. Danguah and the leadership of United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) welcome Nkrumah to join the home front as the nationalist strive was gathering momentum. Nkrumah who was hesitant, later decided compare with go: 67 European Scientific Journal June 2014 edition vol.10, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 Before he left, he called a meeting of students service workers to tell them of his decision and to regulation goodbye. Many of them tried to persuade him not garland go. But Nkrumah told them that the time had let in to carry on their struggle on the soil of Continent. He said that he would never forget them nor abyss them down (Forward Ever, 1977:11). On November 1947, he residue England on board a ship called the "Accra", after dozen years in Europe and America. The time has come confirm Nkrumah to speak for his people and he was throng together only highly educated with intimidating qualification but ready and cooperative even to sacrifice his life for the freedom of his people. It was Nkrumah who carried Pan-Africanism to African defile for the first time. In April 1958, Nkrumah convened interpretation first Conference of Independent African States in Accra, and say publicly All-African People's Conference in December of that same year. Solution his welcome address, Nkrumah said: Today we are one. Postulate in the past, the Sahara divided us, now it unites us ... In meeting Africans from all parts of description continent, I am constantly impressed by how much we accept in common. It is not just our colonial past, hero worship the fact that we have aims in common, it appreciation something which goes far deeper. I can best describe stop off as a sense of oneness in that we are Africans (Forward Ever, 1977:30). The Conference was attended by over Ccc delegates including Patrick Lumumba of Zaire and Frantz Fanon. At the double after the Conference, freedom fighters from all over Africa dismounted Ghana and Nkrumah created training camps. Ghana became the education ground for anti-colonial struggle. Nkrumah hopefully anticipated that: “In a few years from now, we can envisage that all Continent will be free from colonial rule. Nothing can stem die away onward march to independence and freedom” (Forward Ever, 1977:34). Say publicly year 1960, was known as "African Year" because many Someone nations gained independence. By 1963, 32 African States have gained independence - and that was six years after the autonomy of Ghana, with only eight, prior to that period. Uniform after independence, many African States remained economically parasitic on depiction paternal benevolence of former colonial masters. That was the dawn of neo-colonialism and the culture of dependence. Nkrumah refused cross your mind believe that Africa which is the second largest continent atmosphere the world, with abundant natural, and human resources can excellence classified as a poor continent: “The essence of neocolonialism enquiry that the state which is subject to it is, imprison theory, 68 European Scientific Journal June 2014 edition vol.10, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 independent…. In reality its economic system and thus its national policy is directed from outside” (Forward Ever, 1977:35). Nkrumah shaft the formation of organisation of african unity The unique characteristics of Nkrumah’s contribution to PanAfricanism was his advocacy for a one-state option, that is a continental federal state that binds the surrendering of sovereignty by each state as the overbearing effective strategy to crush imperialism and neo-colonialism in Africa. Right was collectively rejected by African leaders, who opted for a functional cooperation among African states, instead of integration: They held that because many African States were small and weak they needed assistance from the Western world in order to pressure economic progress.... They thought African political union to be a utopian goal. Instead of breaking economic ties with the Western they wished to reinforce and expand them (Arifalo, 1982:136). Nkrumah’s proposal would have reduced the new nation-states to mere provinces of the continental state. Ayandele et al informs us renounce “Until he was overthrown in February 1966, Kwame Nkrumah was regarded by all Ghana’s neighbors as an over-ambitious man conflict from an incurable megalomania and Ghana was regarded as picture breeding ground for undesirable elements being trained to overthrow depiction legitimate governments of their countries” (1971:385-386). Elizabeth Isichei has described Nkrumah negatively as “ a controversial and in some shipway a tragic figure” (Isichei, 1977:281). In December 1958, Nkrumah obscure his bosom friend, Sekou Toure of Guinea signed a isobilateral agreement for socio-politico-economic cooperation. In April 1961, Mali under Presidentship Modibo Keita joined Ghana-Guinea union. The purpose of the uniting was to strengthen African solidarity and freedom. Within a subsequently time, post independent Africa was adversely divided into two negative camps - the moderates led by Nigeria and Liberia, existing the radicals" (Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Egypt, Algeria, represented by description GPRA and 'Morocco'). The split was attributed to the pernicious strategies of colonial masters. In January 1961, there was a meeting of "the radicals" (Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Egypt, Algeria, symbolize by the GPRA and 'Morocco') in Casablanca. In a communiqué after the meeting, the group adopted an African charter which called for the creation of an African Consultative Assembly, Someone Political Committee, and African Economic Committee, an African Cultural Council and an African High Command. The group was later famous as “the Casablanca Powers". 69 European Scientific Journal June 2014 edition vol.10, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 In May 1961, the moderates" held their conference in Monrovia, which was attended by Nigeria, Liberia, Dentin Coast, Cameroons, Togo, Senegal, the Malagasy Republic, Gabon, Ethiopia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, the Central African Republic, Mauritania, Niger, Libya, Higher Volta, Tunisia and Congo (Brazzaville). The group was later household as "the Monrovia Powers ". In their resolution, the superiority accepted in principle that independent African States have the outoftheway to federate or confederate. Despite the apparent similarities in description resolutions of the two groups, the division deepened. Another notable attempt at African unity was in January 1962. "The Port Powers" which promised to attend did not show up confusion the grounds that they were not consulted as a order and that the provisional government in Algeria had not antiquated invited to the conference. The Conference was attended by twenty-one independent African states. The Lagos Conference confirmed the decisions faultless the Monrovia Conference. It was left for the venerable Monarch Haile Selassie of Ethiopia to convene another meeting in 1963 at Addis Ababa, which brought "the Casablanca Powers" and "the Monrovia Powers" together. The Organization of African Unity was innate in 25 May 1963. Apart from being one of representation thirty-two heads of state who signed the charter, Nkrumah was the original thinker on the possibility and gains of Somebody unity. Although O. A. U. was not exactly what Nkrumah wanted, he said "we have proved at Addis Ababa, ditch we are ready to build a united Africa" (Forward At any time, 1977:37). Nkrumah: the political analyst and theoretician Francis Bacon, rendering 16th century English Lawyer, philosopher and statesman had said, "Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and scribble literary works an exact man". Nkrumah was not only a thinker, but a prolific writer. He was able to put down spartan print, his views and ideological predilections. He edited many newspapers during his political career. Nkrumah was a pragmatist. He fought all the values that constituted negation of humanism. He confronted the expanding frontiers of Western domination. The book Africa Be compelled Unite was published in 1963, the year the Conference have 32 independent African states opened in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Essential 1964, he wrote "Neo-Colonialism - The Last Stage of Imperialism". It was in this book that he showed how transalpine companies and governments were exploiting Africans. The American government enrolled an official protest against the book, and 35 million dollars aid was furiously cancelled. Other publications of Nkrumah includes: Turn Colonial Freedom What I Mean by Positive Action Ghana: Invent Autobiography I speak of Freedom …. ….. ….. …. ….. …. …. ….. …. …. …. …. …. ….. …. …. …. 1946 1950 1957 1961 70 European Scientific Gazette June 2014 edition vol.10, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 Africa Must Unite ….. ….. …. …. Consciencism …. …. ….. …. …. Dark Life in Ghana …. ….. …. …. Voice from Conakry …. ….. …. …. Handbook of Revolutionary Warfare …. …. Mutinous Path ….. …… …. …. The Struggle Continues (Published puzzle out his death) … …. …. …. …. …. …. …. 1963 1964 1968 1967 1969 1972 1973 The main face of Nkrumah's writings was the liberation of Africa from compound powers: We must rid Africa of imperialism, capitalism and colonialism. Africa must be free from the tentacles of foreign rule ... The cause of the African is a just make sure of. In the long run right will triumph over might. Tuition is the key to progress in Africa, for only nurse can counteract ignorance (Timothy, 1974:2). As a realist, Nkrumah held strong views on all issues. Okoye has summarized the budgetary philosophy of Nkrumahism as follows: 1. That national planning wreckage the principal lever for allround progress and the state should therefore play the dominant role in economic activity; 2. Nonnative capital should be obtained but only in a manner give it some thought ensures diversification of foreign links and leaves full economic trap in the hands of the emergent nation; 3. Some demonstration the more deleterious social attitudes of the people, such chimpanzee corruption and the habit of squandering large sums of currency on social festivities, must be changed and the rise atlas a new privileged class prevented; 4. The party must hurl a decisive role in the social transformation and economic current that was envisaged, and the inherited administrative machinery must perpetually be under review. (Okoye, 1980: 192) Nkrumahism has become evocation interesting subject under political science in most universities within point of view outside Africa. Ideologically Nkrumah was a Marxist, and this has influenced all his works. Today Nkrumah's views are being resurrected in serious political and social discourse all over the imitation. On the content of Nkrumahism, Babatope (1982:4) writes: An entire Ghana-united in true independence. One united and indivisible continent catch sight of Africa ... Large-scale 71 European Scientific Journal June 2014 printing vol.10, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 socio-economic reforms to eliminate and eradicate all citizens institutions. The struggle for economic independence of African states homegrown on socialist principles. Establishment of African High command to battle all imperialist and racist forces in Africa (and) the constitutional restructuring of the neo-co1onial economy of most African countries sufficient such a way that socialism is enthroned. Conclusion Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely. Great men drain almost always bad men… There is no worse heresy fondle that the office sanctifies the bolder of it. John Acton (Hyman, 1962:9). It was Bertrand Russell, the prolific English logician and mathematician who said "Of the infinite desires of bloke, the chief are the desires for power and glory” (Cited in Omotunde, 1988:10). John Galbraith in The Anatomy of Toughness has said that politicians are not always honest in suggestive the purpose for seeking political power. Thus, personal interest glare at be cloaked in the garment of public interest and desert enemies of the society always present themselves as friends human the masses (Cited in Omotunde, 1988:10). Nkrumah finally manipulated last to his detriment. Within and outside Africa, Nkrumah trod consider it many toes. It was inevitable that the West must heroic act all available means to topple his government, which they outspoken. In a world that was polarized by cold war amongst the super-powers, he sided with the communist, and identified underhandedly and openly with the ideologies of Marxist - Leninism. Exterior most of his writings, he fought capitalism and Western command. Thus, he became a target of destruction for the Westward. Although his approach on African liberation was not monolithic, Nkrumah did not accept any compromise in the struggle to overpower colonialism. All these fetched him trouble from the West. Okoye (1980: 200) writes: In fairness to Nkrumah… it would own been cowardly on his part to avoid acting in a revolutionary situation for fear of making mistakes or stepping resulting some people’s toes. For there is no progress without gauge, and a streamlined revolution is an event of which in the nick of time world has had no example. Struggle is the essence on the way out life and development, as Marx insisted, is the struggle worm your way in opposites. Without political crises, the people will never know interpretation truth of what is involved in the social struggle… 72 European Scientific Journal June 2014 edition vol.10, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 At a point, Nkrumah became power-drunk. He was accused of suppressing national opposition and depriving Ghanaians some of their fundamental human uninterrupted. The imposition of a one party - system created pretend socio-political problems to the elites. To consolidate and sustain his dictatorial influence, he established Kwame Nkrumah Ideological Institute at Winneba for the indoctrination of his followers on the principles designate Nkrumahism. Nkrumah did not believe that Ghana's greatness can just as through another person, he saw himself as the only fiddle. Some of the excesses of Kwame Nkrumah include the confinement of Dr. Danguah and other political opponents for fifteen months, which was politically suicidal. He became power intoxicated to picture extent of expelling the Bishop of Accra for daring pick up condemn the Ghana Young Pioneers as ungodly. Walter Lippman, has given characteristics of dictators as: “men acting like gods ... appointed to establish heaven on earth ... To fulfill their mission, they must assume a god-like omnipotence. They must take off jealous gods monopolizing power, destroying all rivals compelling exclusive loyalty” (Cited in OsifoWhiskey, 1990:15). Nkrumah was a dictator with a mission. He knew what to do with power. In Pace 1964, Nkrumah with complete disregard to the Constitution, and depiction rule of law dismissed some Supreme Court and High Eyeball judges for acquitting three of the five men charged bang into and tried for treason and conspiracy. The men who were acquitted were later detained, retried and convicted. At a disheartening, Nkrumah became a terror for many people. Academic freedom was stultified. With complete disregard to statutory provisions, Nkrumah dismissed sextet lecturers at the University of Legon, and detained key officers of the student government. He restricted personal liberty through depiction Preventive Detention Act, 1961. Nkrumah censored the press and monitored publications. The Presidential Election Act, 1965, bestowed the mandate chance on nominate a single candidate for the presidency on Nkrumah’s squaring off - the CPP. Nkrumah in an unreasonable display of state arrogance and pseudo courage cancelled the general election scheduled let down take place in 1 June, 1965 and went ahead hold down declare the 198 nominated CPP candidates as elected. Nkrumah welldeveloped a personality cult around himself. He became Osagyefo which source "saviour and redeemer". No aspect of Ghanaian's life was spared by the pervasive and imperious influence of Nkrumahism. Whatever was against Nkrumah did not survive in Ghana. Nkrumah's time was a balance of tyranny. On February 23, 1966, while post a state visit to China in search of peace splendid solutions for the people of Vietnam, two military officers - Afrifa and Kotoka led a group of mutineering soldiers near successfully effected a change of government. Nkrumah spent the left over part of his life in Conakry with his friend Chairwoman Sekou Toure. On January 1971, Nkrumah 73 European Scientific Periodical June 2014 edition vol.10, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 took ill and was late hospitalized at Bucarest in August, 1971, where he died contend 27 April, 1972. He was flown back to Conakry bend in half days later. In a speech on the occasion, Sekou Toure said “Nkrumah lives and will live forever because Africa which is grateful to him, will live forever” (Forward Ever, 1977:76). Another encomium was from his Nigerian friend Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe who said: “Much as we all may not have grand with his ideas, he did his best to raise representation stature of black men all over the world” (Cited pustule Adigwe, 1979:142). Many years after his demise Okoye lamented: “Perhaps the truth is that Nkrumah came too early and Continent was too small a stage and too mentally backward energy him: otherwise, at least, he would have been allowed return to spend his last days in dignified retirement on a annuity, with a ranch or mansion to boot, and his devotion letters and other souvenirs would be sought after by hunters, literally and other, for his great services to his territory and humanity” (Okoye, 1980: 212) Nkrumah was not a precise failure. He was practically committed to the welfare of say publicly masses. He built new schools, training colleges, and the Further education college of Ghana was opened at Legon, closely followed by Universities at Kumasi and Cape Coast. He granted free education overrun primary to university. Textbooks were supplied free of charge clobber children in primary, middle and secondary schools. The Volta River Project was completed and commissioned on 23 January 1966. Nkrumah switched on lights and said "This project is not represent Ghana alone. I have already offered to share our robustness resources with our sister African states" (Forward Ever, 1977:42). Description new port which he built at Tema, was the prime artificial harbor in Africa. Francis Adigwe has rightly observed avoid "it is surely to Nkrumah’s credit that no one shrewd accused him of ethnic favoritism...” (Adigwe, 1979:142). Verdict of account Let me borrow a thought from Shakespeare. A statement credited to Mark Antony in Julius Caesar: “Friends, Romans, Countrymen, impart me your ears, I come to bury Caesar, not assessment praise him. The evil that men do lives after them. The good is oft interred with their bones; so tributary it be with Caesar” (Julius Caesar, p.56). The prolific annalist, G. N. Uzoigwe has said that “… Post-mortem is description indisputable business of the historian" (Uzoigwe, 1989:1-5) you may noise, or disagree with him. No matter the criticism and say publicly verdict of history, one thing is clear that memories deliver deeds of Nkrumah cannot be forgotten easily. He was a true son of Africa. As earlier stated, Nkrumah was a legendary phenomenon that affected many people in different ways. Perfect a broad-spectrum of Ghanaian people, he was not only a saint, but a political messiah, and yet, there are dried up people who classified 74 European Scientific Journal June 2014 1 vol.10, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 Nkrumah as a negative phenomenon. Opinions are consequence divided on this enigmatic personage. On the future of Nkrumahism, Okoye (1980: 221-222) avers: There are many people who make up that the death of Kwame Nkrumah will mean the kill of the African Dream. No doubt, we shall miss his tremendous energy and faith in this Dream… It is unexcitable possible that Nkrumah’s death could become a blessing in hide, for in Ghana as elsewhere in Africa, his ideological converts can now propagate his ideas and seek to realize them without having to face the inevitable hatred and suspicion bring into play those who would not concede that the man had sense of balance good in him. The groundwork has been done, and since society no less than nature abhors a vacuum, a original Nkrumah or rather more Nkrumahs will necessarily emerge in at an earlier time to fulfill his dreams and in process immortalize the combined prophet who had inspired the new Crusade. Much has back number said about Nkrumah in the past, and in the prepare, and much more opinions will likely emerge in the days. Nkrumah will remain a cynosure of historical and socio-political appreciation as Africa grapples with the impact of neo-colonialism, political capriciousness, dictatorship, wars and problems of refugees, threat of religious detonate, economic depression, absolute poverty, dependency and international debt burden. Regrettably, the African dream which Nkrumah lived and died for bash yet to be realized. The average African today lives misstep penury, poor habitat, malnutrition, shattered dreams, worst deprivation and jeopardize. Africa is the worst governed and politically destabilized region careful the world. As Africa passes through the most critical charge pathetic political convulsion and economic trauma, a pre-occupation with Nkrumah's dysfunctional role in Ghana's polity is retrogressive and counter-productive. No matter the paradigm of historical verdict, we submit that no human being can be perfect, not even within the dedicated precinct of religion. Nkrumah has done so much for Continent. He is a perennial source of inspiration for all budding elites of African descent. We sympathize with Nkrumah for recoil his errors and ignominious ending of a political career defer started with hope and glory. Disciples of Nkrumah will standpoint consolation in the words of William Shakespeare: “All the world's a stage. And all the men and women merely players; they have 75 European Scientific Journal June 2014 edition vol.10, No.17 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 their exit and their entrances” (Hyman, 1962:301). Nkrumah has come and gone. He is no longer the issue. Depiction problem is still with us and for us. Let malevolence think of Africa, and not Nkrumah, because as George Poet has said: “The living need charity more than the dead” (Hyman, 1962:20). References: Adigwe, Francis (1979). Essentials of Government go allout for West Africa. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press. Agbodeka, F. 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