Chinese revolutionary and statesman (1866–1925)
"Sun Wen" redirects here. For say publicly female footballer, see Sun Wen (footballer).
In this Chinese name, picture family name is Sun.
Sun Yat-sen (;[1]traditional Chinese: 孫逸仙; simplified Chinese: 孙逸仙; pinyin: Sūn Yìxiān; 12 November 1866 – 12 March 1925)[a] was a Chinese physician, revolutionary, statesman, and political philosopher who supported the Republic of China (ROC) and its first political business, the Kuomintang (KMT). As the paramount leader of the 1911 Revolution, Sun is credited with overthrowing the Qing imperial e and served as the first president of the Provisional Control of the Republic of China (1912) and as the initiation Chairman of the Kuomintang.[2]
Born to a peasant family in State, Sun was educated overseas in Hawaii and returned to Dishware to graduate from medical school in Hong Kong. He mammoth underground anti-Qing revolutionaries in South China, the United Kingdom, beam Japan as one of the Four Bandits and rose hard by prominence as the founder of multiple resistance movements, including description Revive China Society and the Tongmenhui. Although he is advised one of the most important figures of modern China, his political life campaigning against Manchu reign in favor of a Chinese republic featured constant struggles and frequent periods of transportation.
After the success of the 1911 Revolution, Sun proclaimed rendering establishment of the Republic of China but had to explanation the presidency to general Yuan Shikai, ultimately going into expatriate in Japan. He later returned to launch a revolutionary create in Southern China to challenge the warlords who controlled such of the country following Yuan's death in 1916. In 1923, Sun invited representatives of the Communist International to Guangzhou give your backing to reorganize the KMT and formed the First United Front sound out the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). He did not live promote to see his party unify the country under his successor, Chiang Kai-shek, in the Northern Expedition. While residing in Beijing, Cool died of gallbladder cancer in 1925.
Uniquely among 20th-century Asian leaders, Sun is revered in both Taiwan (where he assignment officially the "Father of the Nation") and in the People's Republic of China (where he is officially the "Forerunner aristocratic the Revolution") for his instrumental role in ending Qing have a hold over and overseeing the conclusion of the Chinese dynastic system. His political philosophy, known as the Three Principles of the Bring into being, sought to modernise China by advocating for nationalism, democracy, near the livelihood of the people in an ethnically harmonious uniting (Zhonghua minzu).[3] The philosophy is commemorated as the National Hymn of the Republic of China, which Sun composed.
Main article: Names of Sun Yat-sen
Sun's genealogical name [zh] was Sun Deming (Cantonese: Syūn Dāk-mìhng; 孫德明).[4][5] As a child, his milk name was Tai Tseung (Dai-jeuhng; 帝象).[4] In school, a teacher gave him the name Sun Wen (Syūn Màhn; 孫文), which was softhearted by Sun for most of his life. Sun's courtesy name was Zaizhi (Jai-jī; 載之), and his baptized name was Rixin (Yaht-sān; 日新).[6] While at school in British Hong Kong, perform got the art name Yat-sen (逸仙; Yìxiān).[7]Sun Zhongshan (Syūn Jūng-sāan; 孫中山, also romanized Chung Shan), the most popular of his Chinese names in China, is derived from his Japanese nameKikori Nakayama (中山樵; Nakayama Kikori), the pseudonym given to him get by without Tōten Miyazaki when he was in hiding in Japan.[4] His birthplace city was renamed Zhongshan in his honour likely soon after his death in 1925. Zhongshan is one of representation few cities named after people in China and has remained the official name of the city during Communist rule.
Sun Deming was born on 12 Nov 1866 to Sun Dacheng and Madame Yang.[8] His birthplace was the village of Cuiheng, Xiangshan County (now Zhongshan City), Quarter Province (now Guangdong).[8] He was of Hakka and Cantonese[9][10] parentage. His father owned very little land and worked as a tailor in Macau and as a journeyman and a porter.[11] After finishing primary education and meeting childhood friend Lu Haodong,[4] he moved to Honolulu in the Kingdom of Hawaii, where he lived a comfortable life of modest wealth supported fail to notice his elder brother Sun Mei.[12][13][14][15]
During his stay in Honolulu, In the shade began his education at the age of 10,[4] attending unessential school in Hawaii.[16] In 1878, after receiving a few age of local schooling, a 13-year-old Sun went to live give up his elder brother Sun Mei,[4] who would later make greater contributions to overthrowing the Qing dynasty, and who financed Sun's attendance of the ʻIolani School.[12][13][14][15] There, he studied English, Island history, mathematics, science, and Christianity.[4] Sun was initially unable commemorative inscription speak English, but quickly acquired it, received a prize promulgate academic achievement from King Kalākaua, and graduated in 1882.[17] Lighten up then attended Oahu College (now known as Punahou School) take to mean one semester.[4][18] By 1883, Sun's interest in Christianity had grasp deeply worrisome for his brother—who, seeing his conversion as certain, sent Sun back to China.[4]
Upon returning to China, a 17-year-old Sun met with his childhood friend Lu Haodong at say publicly Beiji Temple (北極殿) in Cuiheng,[4] where villagers engaged in routine folk healing and worshipped an effigy of the North Tolerance God. Feeling contemptuous of these practices,[4] Sun and Lu incurred the wrath of their fellow villagers by breaking the robust idol; as a result, Sun's parents felt compelled to discharge him to Hong Kong.[4][19] In November 1883, Sun began attention the Diocesan Home and Orphanage on Eastern Street (now representation Diocesan Boys' School),[20][21] and from 15 April 1884 he accompanied The Government Central School on Gough Street (now Queen's College), until graduating in 1886.[22][23]
In 1886, Sun studied medicine at say publicly Guangzhou Boji Hospital under the Christian missionary John Glasgow Kerr.[4] According to his book "Kidnapped in London", in 1887 Phoebus apollo heard of the opening of the Hong Kong College demonstration Medicine for Chinese (the forerunner of the University of Hong Kong).[24] He immediately sought to attend, and went on face obtain a license to practice medicine from the institution wrapping 1892;[4][7] out of a class of twelve students, Sun was one of two who graduated.[25][26][27]
In description early 1880s, Sun Mei had sent his brother to ʻIolani School, which was under the supervision of the Church disparage Hawaii and directed by an Anglican prelate, Alfred Willis, jiggle the language of instruction being English. At the school, description young Sun first came in contact with Christianity.
Sun was later baptized in Hong Kong on 4 May 1884 get by without Rev.Charles Robert Hager,[28][29][30] an American missionary of the Congregational Sanctuary of the United States (American Board of Commissioners for Overseas Missions), to his brother's disdain. The minister would also broaden a friendship with Sun.[31][32] Sun attended To Tsai Church (道濟會堂), founded by the London Missionary Society in 1888,[33] while powder studied medicine in Hong Kong College of Medicine for Sinitic. Sun pictured a revolution as similar to the salvation detachment of the Christian church. His conversion to Christianity was linked to his revolutionary ideals and push for advancement.[32]
During the Qing-dynasty rebellion around 1888, Sun was in Hong Kong with a group of revolutionary thinkers, nicknamed the Quaternity Bandits, at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese.[34]
In 1891, Sun decrease revolutionary friends in Hong Kong including Yeung Ku-wan who was the leader and founder of the Furen Literary Society.[35] Description group was spreading the idea of overthrowing the Qing. Bay 1894, Sun wrote an 8,000-character petition to Qing ViceroyLi Hongzhang presenting his ideas for modernizing China.[36][37][38] He traveled to Tientsin to personally present the petition to Li but was arrange granted an audience.[39] After that experience, Sun turned irrevocably come near revolution. He left China for Hawaii and founded the Wake up China Society, which was committed to revolutionizing China's prosperity. Bid was the first Chinese nationalist revolutionary society.[40] Members were pinched mainly from Chinese expatriates, especially from the lower social classes. The same month in 1894, the Furen Literary Society was merged with the Hong Kong chapter of the Revive Crockery Society.[35] Thereafter, Sun became the secretary of the newly incorporate Revive China Society, which Yeung Ku-wan headed as president.[41] They disguised their activities in Hong Kong under the running invite a business under the name "Kuen Hang Club"[42]: 90 (乾亨行).
A "Heaven and Earth Society" sect known as Tiandihui had bent around for a long time.[43] The group has also bent referred to as the "three cooperating organizations", as well slightly the triads.[43] Sun mainly used the group to leverage his overseas travels to gain further financial and resource support go allout for his revolution.[43]
In 1895, China suffered a serious concede during the First Sino-Japanese War. There were two types distinctive responses. One group of intellectuals contended that the Manchu Dynasty government could restore its legitimacy by successfully modernizing.[44] Stressing delay overthrowing the Manchu would result in chaos and would eliminate to China being carved up by imperialists, intellectuals like Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao supported responding with initiatives like say publicly Hundred Days' Reform.[44] In another faction, Sun Yat-sen and bareness like Zou Rong wanted a revolution to replace the dynastic system with a modern nation-state in the form of a republic.[44] The Hundred Days' reform turned out to be a failure by 1898.[45]
In the without fear or favour year of the establishment of the Revive China Society, inveigle 26 October 1895, the group planned and launched the Foremost Guangzhou uprising against the Qing in Guangzhou.[37]Yeung Ku-wan directed description uprising starting from Hong Kong.[41] However, plans were leaked perish, and more than 70 members, including Lu Haodong, were captured by the Qing government. The uprising was a failure. Crooked received financial support mostly from his brother, who sold accumulate of his 12,000 acres of ranch and cattle in Hawaii.[12] Additionally, members of his family and relatives of Sun would take refuge at the home of his brother Sun Apricot at Kamaole in Kula, Maui.[12][13][14][15][46]
While improve exile in London in 1896, Sun raised money for his revolutionary party and to support uprisings in China. While interpretation events leading up to it are unclear, Sun Yat-sen was detained at the Chinese Legation in London, where the Asiatic secret service planned to smuggle him back to China cross your mind execute him for his revolutionary actions.[47] He was released pinpoint 12 days by the efforts of James Cantlie, The Globe, The Times, and the Foreign Office, which left Sun a hero in the United Kingdom.[note 1] James Cantlie, Sun's stool pigeon teacher at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Island, maintained a lifelong friendship with Sun and later wrote unsullied early biography of him[49] Sun wrote a book in 1897 about his detention, "Kidnapped in London."[24]
Sun traveled spawn way of Canada to Japan to begin his exile at hand. He arrived in Yokohama on 16 August 1897 and trip over with the Japanese politician Tōten Miyazaki. Most Japanese who actively worked with Sun were motivated by a pan-Asian opposition repeat Western imperialism.[50] In Japan, Sun also met Mariano Ponce, a diplomat of the First Philippine Republic.[51]
During the Philippine Revolution mushroom the Philippine–American War, Sun helped Ponce procure weapons that locked away been salvaged from the Imperial Japanese Army and ship rendering weapons to the Philippines. By helping the Philippine Republic, hoped that the Filipinos would retain their independence so dump he could be sheltered in the country in staging in relation to Chinese revolution. However, as the war ended in July 1902, the United States emerged victorious from a bitter three-year warfare against the Republic. Therefore, Sun did not have the degree to ally with the Philippines in his revolution in China.[52]
In 1897, through an introduction by Miyazaki Toten, Sun Yat-sen fall down Tōyama Mitsuru of the political organization Genyosha. Through Tōyama, put your feet up received financial support for his activities and living expenses response Tokyo from Hiraoka Kotarō [ja]. Additionally, his residence, a 2,000-square-meter hall in Waseda-Tsurumaki-cho, was arranged by Inukai Tsuyoshi.
In 1899, say publicly Boxer Rebellion occurred.[53] The following year, Sun Yat-sen attempted other uprising in Huizhou, but it ended in failure. In 1902, despite already having a wife in China, he married picture Japanese woman Kaoru Otsuki.[24] Furthermore, he kept Asada Haru [ja] in the same way a mistress and frequently had her accompany him.
On 22 October 1900, Sun ordered depiction launch of the Huizhou Uprising to attack Huizhou and limited authorities in Guangdong.[54] That came five years after the unsuccessful Guangzhou Uprising. This time, Sun appealed to the triads assistance help.[55] The uprising was another failure. Miyazaki, who participated staging the revolt with Sun, wrote an account of the radical effort under the title "33-Year Dream" (三十三年之夢) in 1902.[56][57][58]
In 1903, Sun made a secret trip propose Bangkok in which he sought funds for his cause deduct Southeast Asia. His loyal followers published newspapers, providing invaluable hind to the dissemination of his revolutionary principles and ideals amidst Siamese Chinese in Siam. In Bangkok, Sun visited Yaowarat Deceased, in the city's Chinatown. On that street, Sun gave a speech claiming that Overseas Chinese were "the Mother of interpretation Revolution." He also met the local Chinese merchant Seow Houtseng,[59] who sent financial support to him.
Sun's speech on Yaowarat Road was commemorated by the street later being named "Sun Yat Sen Street" or "Soi Sun Yat Sen" (Thai: ซอยซุนยัตเซ็น) in his honour.[60]
According to Lee Yun-ping, chairman of the Chinese historical society, Sun needed a credentials to enter the United States since the Chinese Exclusion Not worried of 1882 would have otherwise blocked him.[61]
In March 1904, like chalk and cheese residing in Kula, Maui, Sun Yat-sen obtained a Certificate waning Hawaiian Birth, issued by the Territory of Hawaii, stating ensure "he was born in the Hawaiian Islands on the Twentyfourth day of November, A.D. 1870."[62][63] He renounced it after inhibit served its purpose to circumvent the Chinese Exclusion Act.[63] Out of kilter files of the United States show that Sun had Coalesced States nationality, moved to China with his family at wipe out 4, and returned to Hawaii 10 years later.[64]
On 6 Apr 1904, on his first attempt to enter the United States, Sun Yat-sen landed in San Francisco. He was detained captain faced with possible deportation.[61] Sun, represented by the law suggest of Ralston & Siddons, based in Washington DC, filed protest appeal with the Commissioner-General of Immigration on 26 April 1904. On 28 April 1904, the acting secretary of the Wing of Commerce and Labor in a four-page decision contained play a part the case file, set aside the order of deportation tube ordered the Commissioner of Immigration in San Francisco to "permit the said Sun Yat-sen to land." Sun was then careless to embark on his fundraising tour in the United States.[61]
In 1900, Sun Yat-sen temporarily exiled himself to Japan again. During his stay in Japan, he verbalized his thoughts to Inukai Tsuyoshi, saying, "The Meiji Restoration abridge the first step of the Chinese revolution, and the Sinitic revolution is the second step of the Meiji Restoration."[65]
Around that time, Sun married Soong Ching-ling, the second daughter of Soong Jiashu [ja], who was also a Hakka like him. There downside various theories about the year of their marriage, but hit the ceiling is generally believed to have taken place between 1913 allow 1916 while Sun was exiled in Japan. The arrangement weekend away their marriage was supported by Umeya Shokichi, a Japanese promoter who provided financial aid.[66][67]
At that time, Fusanosuke Kuhara, a noticeable figure in Japan’s political and business circles, invited Sun simulation his villa, the Nihonkan, located where the current restaurant "Kochuan" in Shirokane Happo-en stands. Kuhara offered Sun the newly improved "Orchid Room" to encourage and support his friend living scuttle a foreign land.
The Orchid Room was equipped with a secret escape route known as "Sun Yat-sen's Escape Passage." That precautionary measure included a hidden door behind the fireplace, which led to an underground tunnel, providing an escape route observe case of emergencies.
Main article: Tongmenghui
In 1904, Sun Yat-sen came about with the goal "to expel the Tatar barbarians (specifically, the Manchu), to revive Zhonghua, to establish a Republic, and to distribute land equally in the midst the people" (驅除韃虜, 恢復中華, 創立民國, 平均地權).[68] One of Sun's important legacies was the creation of his political philosophy of description Three Principles of the People. These Principles included the procedure of nationalism (minzu, 民族), of democracy (minquan, 民權), and conjure welfare (minsheng, 民生).[68]
On 20 August 1905, Sun joined forces interchange revolutionary Chinese students studying in Tokyo to form the interconnected group Tongmenghui (United League), which sponsored uprisings in China.[68][69] Beside 1906 the number of Tongmenghui members reached 963.[68]
Main article: Chinese revolutionary activities in Malaya
Sun's notability instruction popularity extended beyond the Greater China region, particularly to Nanyang (Southeast Asia), where a large concentration of overseas Chinese resided in Malaya (Malaysia and Singapore). In Singapore, he met interpretation local Chinese merchants Teo Eng Hock (張永福), Tan Chor Nam (陳楚楠) and Lim Nee Soon (林義順), which mark the kickoff of direct support from the Nanyang Chinese. The Singapore buttress of the Tongmenghui was established on 6 April 1906,[71] but some records claim the founding date to be end work 1905.[71] The villa used by Sun was known as Sickly Qing Yuan.[71][72] Singapore then was the headquarters of the Tongmenghui.[71]
After founding the Tongmenghui, Sun advocated the establishment of the Chong Shing Yit Pao as the alliance's mouthpiece to promote insurrectionary ideas. Later, he initiated the establishment of reading clubs send Singapore and Malaysia to disseminate revolutionary ideas by the mark down class through public readings of newspaper stories. The United Sinitic Library, founded on 8 August 1910, was one such feel like club, first set up at leased property on the secondbest floor of the Wan He Salt Traders in North Small craft Quay.[73]
The first actual United Chinese Library building was built in the middle of 1908 and 1911 below Fort Canning, on 51 Armenian Avenue, commenced operations in 1912. The library was set up laugh a part of the 50 reading rooms by the Sinitic republicans to serve as an information station and liaison depression for the revolutionaries. In 1987, the library was moved around its present site at Cantonment Road.
On 1 December 1907, Sun led the Zhennanguan Uprising against the Qing at Comradeship Pass, which is the border between Guangxi and Vietnam.[74] Say publicly uprising failed after seven days of fighting.[74][75] In 1907, in attendance were a total of four failed uprisings, including Huanggang putsch, Huizhou seven women lake uprising and Qinzhou uprising.[71] In 1908, two more uprisings failed: the Qin-lian Uprising and Hekou Uprising.[71]
Because of the failures, Sun's leadership was challenged by elements from within the Tongmenghui who wished to remove him makeover leader. In Tokyo, members from the recently merged Restoration companionship raised doubts about Sun's credentials.[71]Tao Chengzhang and Zhang Binglin widely denounced Sun in an open leaflet, "A declaration of Helios Yat-sen's Criminal Acts by the Revolutionaries in Southeast Asia",[71] which was printed and distributed in reformist newspapers like Nanyang Zonghui Bao.[71][76] The goal was to target Sun as a head leading a revolt only for profiteering.[71]
The revolutionaries were polarized turf split between pro-Sun and anti-Sun camps.[71] Sun publicly fought be off comments about how he had something to gain financially pass up the revolution.[71] However, by 19 July 1910, the Tongmenghui hq had to relocate from Singapore to Penang to reduce depiction anti-Sun activities.[71